1. Complications in Financing New Nuclear Power Plants Lynn Rubow, Director, Business Development Lazarina Bataklieva, Lead Economic Analyst BULATOM 2011

2. What we all know….  Large Capital Investment  Complex Licensing and Permitting Process  Long Term Implementation  Nuclear is Exceptionally Safe  Long Life with Very Low Production Cost  Required Strong Regulatory Platform  Required Large Community of Qualified Experts  Small Community of Large Gen III or III+ NPP Suppliers  Virtually No Air Quality Issues, including CO2  Special Public Sensitivities to Nuclear Technology

3. WorleyParsons Recent NPP Economic/ Financing Evaluation Experience  Kozloduy Modernization  Belene NPP New-Build  “Far East” NPP New-Build (Russia)  Armenia NPP Unit Replacement  Jordan First NPP New-Build  Egypt First NPP New-Build  Baltic NPP New-Build (Russia)

4. Historical Financing Approach  For many years, nuclear was a quite conservative investment: –Lower investment costs; –Monopoly (or Franchise) utility, guaranteed electricity offtake; –Long-term (30+ years), low-interest loans, on balance sheet; –Risks generally passed to consumers; –Sovereign financing or sovereign guarantees on financing; and –Generally, reasonable level of public support, or public not entering the picture.  And now??

5. Recent Financing Complexities  Higher investment costs  Significant impact on company rating and balance sheet  Economic crisis  Lending terms less attractive (for several reasons)  Lack of security for electricity sales –Secure PPA –No balance sheet –Competition  Governments desire to shed some risk  Public opposition more “organized”

6. Typical NPP Project Structure

7. Project Funding Government Domestic banks Local investors Foreign banks/ Governments Sources of Equity Sources of Debt Investors, with Vendors Export credit agencies Other large utility companies Development Finance Institutions Financing structure Critical: Split of Equity (Majority In-Country) Split of Equity (Majority In-Country) Maximize ECA and Government Loans Maximize ECA and Government Loans

8. Technical Developments  50+ years “Lessons Learned”  Multiple Redundant Active Safety Systems  Extensive Passive Safety Design  Continuing Materials Development  Improved Operational Reliability/ Availability  Long design life  However…….. –Limited number of NPP suppliers –Limited number of large “qualified” international investors –Technological development actually restricted by the requirement for extensive qualification and/ or reference plant support

9. Time: A Fundamental Issue

10. Financing Drivers  Characteristics of a Project Finance (non-recourse) Model: –Reliance on strong PPA; however, in conflict with “free market” that is theoretically open to competition –Reliance on fuel supply agreement, also somewhat in conflict with “free market” concept (though less critical for nuclear) –Reliance on strong, more expensive, EPC-LSTK contract  Unbundled market, with associated free market for electricity purchase/ sale is not supportive of the Project Finance Model  Goal of NPP Financing is to strike a balance between free market principles, and the required security to achieve reasonable finance terms. How??

11. Conflicting Goals  Paths of Development: –Government only –Private entity only –Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) as a Special Purpose Company (SPC)…..today’s common approach  Issues of Nuclear Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) –General difficulty to form PPPs –As a special purpose company, while effective for projects organized under a “Project Finance” approach, secured by PPA, FSA, EPC- LSTK Agreement, it is more difficult for nuclear projects considering their need for stringent security, and their long-lead nature. –The SPCs must still have backing –Goals of partnerships can be in conflict

12. Different Motivation/ Values: Public vs. Private Public (i.e. Government)Private  Expectation of Benefits over the Long Term;  Expectation of Investment Return in Short Period, signified by high Discount Rate in analysis, but also to capture “cash cow” benefits after debt is paid;  Electricity is a base need of the society. Responsibility to provide reliable electricity supply to population;  Electricity is a “market good”; Plant is responsible to satisfy terms of PPA, and also motivated to participate in the Market, as applicable, to maximize returns;  Highly motivated to achieve acceptable tariff, for Political, Social, and Economic reasons;  Interest is in setting maximum acceptable tariff to achieve return on investment;  Responsibility to Insure Safety, far above required insurance limit;  Responsible to meet insurance requirements;  Motivated to build technical expertise within country.  Satisfy contract requirements for “Capacity Building”. In the end, there will likely be compromises on both sides to blend long- and short-term needs, and find agreement.

13. Consider Cash Flows through the Plant Life Cost of Electricity Escalated and Not Discounted When you reach year 15 or 20, the “revenue vs. cost” of the plant becomes insignificant Cost of Electricity Escalated and Discounted at 10%/year

14. Consider Cash Flows through the Plant Life Cost of Electricity Escalated and Discounted at 10%/year Cost of Electricity Escalated and Discounted at 4%/year

15. Consider IRR Requirements Higher IRR “Demands” will result in different required tariffs through the plant life

16. The Case for In-Country Ownership  Many nuclear projects seeking “complex” arrangements involving foreign investment due to: –Lack of equity –Lack of borrowing capacity –Lack of development/ operational expertise  More Issues (in addition to Public-Private issues): –Ultimate responsibility lies within the Project Country –Criteria for quality of investment are different: Country wants security of long-term power supply Investor wants return on investment as soon as possible BOO model quite expensive to consumer, generally –Typically, “Earned Equity” is undervalued  100% In-Country Ownership retains both costs and benefits within the border.

17. Consider Small, Low GDP Country Issues  Many smaller countries are pursuing nuclear as their best option, and now interested in joining nuclear power “club”; however, it is a large undertaking without precedent  Financing security issues of smaller countries: –GDP –Cash –Lending limits –Country rating –Technical base (also a financing issue)  Generally, the primary issue is “affordability”

18. Some Possible things to Consider  Stronger involvement of Government  Stronger involvement of offtakers as investors: –Large industrial entities –Utilities/ Distribution companies –Smaller, aggregated industrial entities  Return to corporate finance model (e.g. balance sheet based on existing operating assets)  More creative BOO(T) structures  EPCM project execution structures  Better communication with outside stakeholders, i.e., why nuclear is best option

19. Discussion Items  Can nuclear plant financing be structured as a normal power project??  How to Simultaneously Satisfy Requirements of Public and Private Investors??  What kind of requirements should be imposed on outside investors in NPPs??  How can Lenders become more a part of the process??  How can Public become more a part of the process??

20. Thank you……