1. Brief Response p. 66, Thinking Critically 1. –Composers of opera must work not just with the orchestra, but with the plot line and words, as well as showcasing the singers’ voices. –Most symphonies feature only the orchestra. 2. –It was appealing because it was a new form that composers and musicians could use to combine theater and music.

2. English American Colonists to American Nation p. 67

3. Why the English American Colonies? Wealthy “American” colonists protested unfair taxes and treatment by their king, George III, of Britain. –Many had read Enlightened books, especially John Locke’s Most “Americans” no longer felt like British subjects, but as citizens of an “American” nation. They made a revolution for change. They used Enlightenment ideas in their new national laws (the Constitution)

4. United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland) George III: –British king who rose to power in 1760. –Worked to increase royal power. Filled Parliament with loyalists and won much support. His strict policies angered American-British colonists.

5. America Pays Britain’s Bills Stamp Act: –Tax on newspapers, pamphlets, contracts, etc. One of several taxes imposed by George III and Parliament to get payment for the French and Indian (Seven-Years) War.

6. American leaders rise George Washington: –Colonial planter and general from Virginia colony. –He and others attended the First Continental Congress in 1774, EC (Where and why did they meet? 3) in Philadelphia, to decide what to do about British unfairness. Wrote a petition to the king and Parliament with complaints and ideas.

7. Popular sovereignty: C Locke’s idea and used by the Continental Congress. –all government power comes from the will of the people. –The US Declaration of Independence When George III refused to listen to his people, Americans felt they had the right to rebel

8. YorktownYorktown, VA: British General Cornwallis surrendered his southern army to Washington, in 1781. –Surrounded by Colonials and their surprise ally: EC French troops and a strong naval force, Britain lost half of its military force and soon sues for peace.

9. Treaty of Paris: Britain and the US end the Revolutionary War in 1783, –Britain recognizes the new “United States of America” as an independent country.

10. the Constitutional Convention,1787 James Madison: –kept notes at the meeting. –Considered the main writer of the Constitution (the main laws of the United States). Benjamin Franklin: –Printer, scientist, diplomat. –Long-time rebel leader, was at all meetings of the Continental Congress and at the Constitutional Convention.

11. US Constitution— Federal Republic: C a government where the national and local governments share power, –local, –state, –national the national government has supremacy in all matters. Continental Congress made sure to include this relationship to protect “states’ rights”.

12. Standards Check, p. 68 Question: Victory brought Britain more land and control of trade.

13. Map Skills, p. 68 2. Massachusetts 3. The coast was important to trade and travel

14. Standards Check, p. 69 Question: Colonial prosperity Colonial assemblies having control over local affairs Britain’s lack of enforcement of its laws.

15. p. 69, primary source In France and England from Enlightenment thinkers such as Locke and Rousseau.

16. Standards Check, p. 70 Question Individual freedom Government by the people Life, liberty, property

17. p. 70, George Washington Question He was a patient, courageous, and determined leader.

18. p. 70, James Madison Question They were well-read intellectuals who supported Enlightenment ideals.

19. p. 70, Benjamin Franklin Question His scientific reputation preceded his visit to France He represented freedom, which was an Enlightenment ideal.

20. Image, p. 71, Fearless Leader Question: Perseverance, strong leadership, and determination

21. p. 72, Thinking Critically 1. The right to freedom of speech, religion, and property ownership 2. For every branch of government, another branch has the power to veto or regulate Ex. –The president has the power to veto legislation –The courts may declare congressional acts unconstitutional –Congress has the ability to override presidential vetoes.

22. Standards Check, p. 72 Question Familiarity with the terrain, strong leadership, and determination to achieve their goals.

23. Standards Check, p. 73 Question Separation of powers, checks and balances, individual freedom, government by the people

24. Bill of Rights, p. 73 Question: All enumerate powers reserved for the people and the states Limits the power of the federal government

25. p. 75, Thinking Critically 1. It uses –dramatic and inflammatory language such as “expiring” and “hopes of a resurrection to life again” –Large lettering in the headline –Includes a skull and crossbones in the lower right corner. 2. Newspapers today influence public opinion with many of the same tools—images, cartoons, and articles.

26. Brief Response Did the framers of the US Constitution have to use “separation of powers” when designing the government in the constitution? Explain