2. Bell Ringer What is the most important characteristic of a civilization? Why?

3. Bell Ringer Read the article, The Sacred Rac Can the Asu be considered a civilization? Why or why not?

4. Mesopotamia An Ancient River Valley Civilization

5. Mesopotamia – Fertile Crescent Sumer – The earliest of the River Valley Civilizations Sumerian civilization grew along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

6. Geography Mesopotamia = “land between the rivers” Fertile Crescent – along Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and Mediterranean Sea Flooding provided fertile silt for farming Modern-day Turkey, Iraq, and Syria

7. Fertile Crescent

8. Background History of People First people settled in 3500 BCE, 2500 BCE – Sumerians arrive Came because of good soil

9. Problems/Solutions Environmental Challenges 1)Unpredictable flooding and drought 2)No natural barriers for defense 3)Limited natural resources Solutions 1)Irrigation 2)Built city walls with mud bricks 3)Traded for tools

10. Government City-States: Operated as independent area Originally ruled by priests, but shifted to military leaders Military leaders – monarchs; created dynasties Spread ideas through trade = cultural diffusion

11. III. SUMERIAN RELIGION A Sumerian warrior-god, gold figurine, ca. 2,400-2,500 B.C.E. Belief in many gods - polytheism God of the clouds/air was Enlil – the most powerful god. Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. Sumerians viewed their gods as hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them. Marduk, the Dragon god PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

12. Religion Polytheistic (over 3000 gods!) Gods controlled nature and were immortal and all powerful After death went to “land of no return” Produced accounts of legends Ziggurats Ishtar, Goddess of War

13. ZigguratZiggurat – Holy Mountain Click on the pictures for more information on ziggurats.

14. Social Class rulers, priests merchants, artists, scribes peasants farmers slaves

15. Social Structure Division among classes Women: – Had same rights as men for the most part – Typically, girls were not allowed to attend scribe school, but there are a few notable female scribes

16. Sumerian Society 1.Three social classes a. Priests and kings b. Wealthy merchants c. Ordinary workers d. Slaves 2. Women Left: Statue of Sumerian woman with hands clasped at chest, ca. 2600-2300 B.C. Right: Gypsum statue of man and woman at Inanna Temple at Nippur, circa 2600-2300 B.C. a.Had more rights than in many later civilizations (could own property, join lower ranks of priesthood) b.But not allowed to attend schools (could not read or write)

17. Science and Technology Wheel, sail, and plow Used bronze First system of writing – Cuneiform Investigation of astronomy, medicine, and chemical Arithmetic/Geometry – number system based on 60

18. Sumerian Writing: cuneiform Cuneiform is created by pressing a pointed stylus into a clay tablet.

19. Cuneiform- first system of writing

20. SumeriansSumerians invented: mud brick technology wheel base 60 – using the circle... 360 degrees time – 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute 12 month lunar calendar (based on the moon!) arch ramp ziggurat

21. Literature Epic of Gilgamesh – One of the earliest works of literature in the world – Account of a Sumerian king and his quest for immortality – Demonstrates beliefs and myths of Sumerians

22. Gilgamesh The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the earliest works of literature, contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years. Gilgamesh was king of Uruk (God-man) Wise and strong, but cruel Gods created Enkidu, a wild man, who was civilized by a woman They became friends and fight magical beasts Enkidu died – Gilgamesh was heartbroken Gilgamesh goes to find Utnapishtim, the Mesopotamian Noah Flood story follows Gilgamesh gets the secret to immortality from Utnapishtim, but loses it to a snake Lesson – one can’t live forever, but one can achieve much and one’s deeds can live for a long time http://gilgamesh.psnc.pl/ PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

23. Mesopotamia - Empires

24. Akkad First EMPIRE Builders 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other. These internal struggles meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.) Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire – when several peoples, nations, or previously independent states are placed under the control of one ruler. Define type of government PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

25. Akkad Sumer declined and by 2350 BCE Sargon eventually succeeded in establishing an empire. The Akkadian Empire stretched from Mediterranean Sea- to Persian Gulf. World’s First Empire

26. 2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years, 2350 – approx. 2150 B.C.E. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

27. Akkad Akkadian was a Semitic language (modern Semitic languages include Arabic and Hebrew. Akkadian became the lingua franca of the Mesopotamian region because it was versatile and easy to learn PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Arabic Hebrew sample Akkadian text Invasions, internal fighting, and a severe famine all contributed to the end of the Akkadian Empire.

28. Babylon Around 2000 BCE a group called the Amorites took over the fertile crescent and established a new kingdom called Babylon.

29. Babylon Hammurabi’s Code – Designed by ruler of Babylon, Hammurabi – Wanted a unified law code for his kingdom – Law code applied to everyone, but punishments varied based on status and gender

30. Hammurabi’s Code: You Be the Judge We will break up into 6 groups – each table will be a group Each group will receive a scenario Each group will have 3 minutes to read the scenario and come up with a punishment – the whole group must agree!!! We will then rotate the scenarios clockwise and repeat. Do not copy a previous group’s punishment. Write your group’s punishment on the card. After all groups have looked at each scenario we will discuss as a class.

31. What Should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? 229. If a builder build a house for some one, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kill its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.

32. What Should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? 143. If she is not innocent, but leaves her husband, and ruins her house, neglecting her husband, this woman shall be cast into the water.

33. What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop? 108. If a tavern-keeper (feminine) does not accept corn according to gross weight in payment of drink, but takes money, and the price of the drink is less than that of the corn, she shall be convicted and thrown into the water.

34. How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another? 2. If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser.

35. What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? 117. If any one fail to meet a claim for debt, and sell himself, his wife, his son, and daughter for money or give them away to forced labor: they shall work for three years in the house of the man who bought them, or the proprietor, and in the fourth year they shall be set free.

36. What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? 195. If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off.

37. Some More of Hammurabi’s Laws If any one steal the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death. If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death. If a man wishes to separate from his wife who has borne him no children, he shall give her the amount of her purchase money and the dowry which she brought from her father's house, and let her go. If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. [ An eye for an eye ] If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken.

38. End of Babylon -1550 BCE Babylonian Empire was taken over by nomadic warriors -Many Sumerian ideas were adopted by later civilizations including Assyrians, Phoenicians, and Hebrews