1. Surveying I. *Special Terms 1. Surveying: measuring, and recording by means of maps, the earth ’ s surface with the greatest degree of accuracy possible. Or: the practice of taking measurements of features on, and occasionally above or below, the earth ’ s surface to determine their relative positions. 2. Horizontal Plane: Perpendicular to the force of gravity. 3. Vertical Plane: In line with the direction of gravity. 4. Plumb Bob: Lead weights attached to a line to show the direction of gravity. 5. Tripod: a stand with three legs. Tripod 1 Monday, September 21, 2015

2. Surveying I. Special Terms 6. Chain: A device 66 feet long (surveyor's chain) or 100 feet long (engineer's chain) for measuring distance. Breaking Chain: Measuring distance with less than the full length of the tape. 7. Transit: A telescopic device that can be used for measuring distances and horizontal and vertical angles. 8. Theodolite: A special kind of transit that gives more accurate readings of angles than a standard transit. 9. Stadia Hairs: Lines in a transit that are used in determining distance. “ Stadia ” is the plural of stadium, a Greek word for a measure of distance, about 607 feet. 2 Monday, September 21, 2015

3. Surveying I. Special Terms 11. Plane-table Alidade: a kind of telescope to measure both distances and vertical angles. It is set on a plane table (a flat table), which a surveyor can use as a drawing board to make maps in the field. 12. Contour Lines: The lines on a map that indicate points of equal elevations (heights). 13. Surveyor's Level: a kind of telescope with a bubble level, a tube of fluid with an air bubble in it. The surveyor can sight a level rod though the telescope in order to measure elevation. 14. Bench Mark: A point whose elevation has been previously determined and marked. It is used as a basis for additional measurements. 3 Monday, September 21, 2015

4. Surveying I. Special Terms 15. Altimeter: A device that measures elevation by means of atmospheric pressure. 16. Mosaic: In aerial surveying, an overlapping arrangement of photographs that eliminates distortion at the edges of the pictures. 17. Triangulation: In geodetic surveying, measuring a network of triangles based on points on the earth's surface. 18. Geological Survey: Determining underground conditions, such as types of soil and rock beneath the surface. 19. Boring: The process of bringing up samples of subsurface soil and rock by means of a hollow drill. Each sample is also called a boring. 4 Monday, September 21, 2015

5. Surveying I. Special Terms 20. Gravimeter: A device that measures the earth's gravitational pull. 21. Magnetometer: A device that measures the strength of the earth's magnetism. 22. Seismograph: A device that measurer the strength of vibrations (seismic waves) within the earth. II. *Types of Surveying: plane and geodetic 1. Plane surveying is the measurement of the earth ’ s surface without considering its curvature. Within areas of about 20 km 2, the earth ’ s curvature does not produce any significance errors in a plane survey. 5 Monday, September 21, 2015Monday, September 21, 2015Monday, September 21, 2015Monday, September 21, 2015

6. Surveying 2. Geodetic surveying is the kind of surveying which accounts for the earth ’ s curvature, usu. made over large areas. III. Purposes of surveying: determine the best and most economical location or route. IV. *Contents of surveying: distances, elevations (height differences), angles, boundaries, and other physical characteristics of the site. (cf. physical conditions vs physical properties) V. Device for measuring distance in plane surveying: steel tape and chain VI. *Temperature factor in readings: The indicated length of a steel tape is in fact exactly accurate only at a temperature of 20 degrees centigrade. VII. Exercises (due Wednesday, Week 3) Exercises 6 Monday, September 21, 2015

7. Surveying VII. Prefixes indicating numerals: 1. Demi- half e.g., demigod, demilune 2. Hemi- half e.g., hemicycle, hemisphere 3. Semi- half e.g., semiconductor, semifinal 4. Mono- one, e.g., monotonous, monograph 5. Uni- one, e.g., uniform, unite, unique 6. Bi- & di- two, e.g., dioxide, dialogue 7. Ambi-, amphi- two, e.g., ambiguous, amphibian 8. Du- double, two, e.g., dual, duetto 9. tri- trigonometry, trilogy 10. Quadri- & tetra- four e.g., quadrilateral, tetralogy 11. Penta- pentagon, pentachloride 7 Monday, September 21, 2015

8. Surveying III. Prefixes indicating numerals: 12. Quin- five e.g., quintet, quintuplet 13. Hexa- & sex- e.g., hexahedron, sexennial, sextuple, sexagesimal 14. Hepta- & sept- e.g., heptagon, septavalent(septivalent), September 15. Oct- e.g., October, octopus 16. Ennea- & nona- e.g., enneagon, nonagon 17. Deca- & deci- e.g., decade, decagon, decimal, December 8 Monday, September 21, 2015