1. What do you think of when you look at the night sky? http://www.astro.ufl.edu/~lada/ast3018/lectures/ast3018lecturestarform.pdf

2. What is Space? Not really empty Stars, planets, etc. Interstellar medium Dust and Gas Nebulas Orion Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr1995044a/ Large Magellanic Cloud http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/pr2006055a/

3. Nebular Hypothesis Random collisions of atoms Areas of growing mass Spherical shape Pull in more matter Increase in Temperature Pressure Spin Creates a bulge in the sphere http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap06/FG06_17.jpg

4. Nuclear Fusion High temperatures 2 particles become 1 Releases a lot of energy Video clipclip Particle acceleratorsaccelerators Man-made Create new elements Find smallest particles Fermi National Lab http://www.wired.com/playbook/2012/08/olympics-physics-hammer-throw/ http://www.universetoday.com/52696/nuclear-fusion-power-closer-to-reality-say-two-separate-teams/

5. Spectroscopy Activity Draw the lines that you see Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines and order is accurate Write a conclusion – based on your observations what can you conclude about the different materials and light you see the material produce

6. Warm Up #1 Clicker Quiz Compare conclusions from the spectroscopy activity

7. What does a spectrum tell us? Each chemical/atom has a unique spectrum Like a fingerprint fingerprint What chemicals are present http://www.umsl.edu/~physics/Lab%20Connection/Electricity%20and%20Magnetism%20Lab/12-lab13.html

8. How is a spectrum created? All objects emit light Pure light from a source Continuous spectrum If light passes through gas or dust Light absorbed Excites/heats atoms Emit own light Makes an emission spectrum Unique https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~jb attat/a35/cont_abs_em.html

9. How do astronomers use spectra? Look at light from Stars (gas in outer layers) Nebula Planets Determine chemical composition Can also determine movement of object Activity http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-236/

10. Warm Up #2 Why are emission spectra important? How are emission spectrum created? What 2 things can astronomers learn by looking at the spectrum from a star?

11. H-R Diagram Graphing Activity Look for patterns http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram

12. Color and Temperature What did you see as a pattern? Objects give off a variety of light Peak depends on temperature Peak shows most common type of light http://docs.kde.org/stable/en/kdeedu/kstars/ai-colorandtemp.html

13. Main Sequence Stars Find group on H-R diagram Wide variety Highest # of stars Stars stay here the longest Actively fusing hydrogen into helium Outward pressure from fusion Inward pressure from gravity Equal in these stars Maintain size http://www.rootstown.sparcc.org/mattjust/h-r-diagram http://www.thenakedscie ntists.com/HTML/article s/article/the-science-of- the-supernova/

14. What happens to our Sun? Form red giants Fusing helium Core collapsing Outer layers spread out Cools http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/StarLife/Page7.html

15. What then? Forms a white dwarf Ran out of helium No more fusion Outer gasses moving away Planetary nebula Leaves a hot, dense core http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_sources/white_dwarfs.html Ring Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004032d/ Cat’s Eye Nebula http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/planetary/pr2004027a/

16. Warm Up #3 What makes a star a main sequence star? Why does the size of the core of a main sequence star not change? What will eventually happen to our Sun and why?

17. What about the fate of larger stars? Become red supergiants Fuse elements larger than helium All the way to iron Short lives Supernova No more fusion Core violently explodes Fuses heavier atoms Very bright, short time Spreads out material http://flightline.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/astronotes/media/2paths.jpg http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/nebula/supernova_remnant/pr2005037a/

18. What then? Forms a neutron star If a lower mass core Very dense Not very big Lots of gravity Can produce gamma and x-rays when it pulls items into it Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia A http://www.space-pictures.com/view/pictures-of-space/pictures-of-stars/neutron-star/index.php http://www.clccharter.org/maya1/Supernova/supernova.html

19. Or… Forms a black hole Higher mass cores Infinitely dense Need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape How can we see? Will bend light from nearby stars See dust and gas swirling around Hot enough to give off x-rays Probably at the center of most galaxies Including ours! Video Whirlpool Galaxy http://hubblesite.org/gallery/album/pr2001010a/ http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html

20. Warm Up #4 What is happening inside a red supergiant star? What happens in a supernova? How is a neutron star different from a black hole? Why should we not be able to see a black hole? Why can we “see” a black hole?

22. Warm Up #5 Clicker Quiz

23. Metric System Olympics Create a data table to organize the following items (one per group) You will be doing the following “events” – paper plate “discus”, straw “javelin” and long jump For each “event” you will need a measurement, then you will change that measurement to another unit, and you will write this last unit in scientific notation

24. How do we know how far away that is? Parallax effect Compare distant stars to nearby stars Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun Calculate the distance Further away = less of a shift Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances http://lifeng.lamost.org/courses/astrotoday/CHAISSON/AT301/HTML/AT30105.HTM

25. http://astronomy.nmsu.edu/aruiter/ASTRONOMY110/parallax.gif

26. Looking Back in Time If a star is 10 light years away How old is the light we see today? Is that star still there today? If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away If they could see with the Earth with great detail, what would they see right now? When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean? http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1214c/

27. How has our “picture” of the universe changed? Greeks Rotating spheres Earth centered

28. Early Scientists Galileo Copernicus Kepler Newton Mathematical laws about movement of planets First telescope Calculation of gravity Sun centered universe

29. Next generation of scientists… Einstein Calculations Universe changing size Disbelieved Added a constant to his equations Results = static universe Friedmann Russian Removed Einstein’s constant Universe changing shape Won Einstein’s approval http://wouterdeheij.wordpress.com/2013/04/27/famous-innovation-quotes-from-steve-jobs-gunter-pauli-einstein-henry-ford-and-many-others/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Fridman.png

30. The Big Bang Theory Lemaitre Priest and physicist Universe began as a single point Expanded since that time Hubble Astronomer Published around same time Provided evidence http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2011/01/05/q-a-how-is-the-universe-so-big/

31. Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift Change in emission spectrum Same pattern Shifted from where it should be

32. Same thing happens with sound… Doppler effecteffect Object moving past a stationary objectobject Waves get shortened in front Higher pitch Waves get longer in back Lower pitch Inside the source – no change

33. http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/Bima/doppler.html Relating back to light… Blue-shift Wavelength shortens Moving towards us Red-shift Wavelength lengthens Moving away from us Bigger the shift the further away it has come from Hubble only saw red-shifted spectra

34. Hubble’s Conclusions Universe moving away from us Things further away are moving away faster Expansion rate has since beginning https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/book/export/html/1967

35. Warm Up #6