1. Warmup 8/25 What are the major types of energy of the
following before the collision and after?
Man
Concrete
2. What other types of energy
are probably present?

2. Warmup 8/25
What are the major types of energy of the following before the collision and after?
Balloon
Water
Person
What other types of
energy are probably
present?

3. What helps us understand space?
Actual samples from space
Particle accelerators
Telescopes
All wavelengths of light

4. What is Light? Energy Electromagnetic wave
Can travel without a medium (matter)
Transverse waves

5. Many Types of Light Electromagnetic spectrum
All travel at the speed of light (3x108 m/s)
Vary in wavelength and frequency

6. Types and Uses Radio Microwave Infrared Visible Ultraviolet X-ray
Gamma

7. Energy in Waves Which set of “hills” takes more energy to run?
High energy
Short wavelength
High frequency
Large amplitude

8. Really Muscular Idiots
Visualize
Ultra X-treme Grannies

9. Scientific Notation Used to write really BIG or small numbers easily.
For example...
stars in the universe
Easier…
1 x 1024 stars in the universe
That means 1 followed by 24 zeros.

10. The Better Way How can we use this for all numbers?
Earth to Pluto – 4,670,000,000 miles
- There are 9 numbers after the 4 so… 109
- Since the non-zero numbers are 467…
4.67 x 109

11. Standard form to scientific notation
7,345
Can you go backwards?
Scientific notation to standard form
9.807 x 1012
2.11 x 10-6

12. Warmup 8/26-27
List the types of light in the Electromagnetic spectrum in order. Which type of light do you think is the most useful to humans and WHY?
Change 6,200,000,000 scientific notation.
Change 7.31 x 103 to standard notation.

13. What do you think of when you look at the night sky?

14. How has our “picture” of the universe changed?
Greeks
Aristotle
Earth-centered
Rotating spheres

15. Early Scientists Galileo Copernicus Kepler Newton
Mathematical laws about movement of planets
First to use telescope in astronomy
Calculation of gravity
Sun-centered universe
Galileo
Copernicus
Kepler
Newton

16. Next generation of scientists…
Einstein
Calculations
Universe changing size
Disbelieved
Added a constant to his equations
Results = static universe
Friedmann
Removed Einstein’s constant
Universe changing shape
Won Einstein’s approval

17. The Big Bang Theory Lemaitre Hubble Priest and physicist
Lemaitre
Priest and physicist
Universe began as a
single point
Expanded since that time
Hubble
Astronomer
Published around same time
Provided evidence

18. Spectroscopy Activity
Draw the lines that you see
Make sure the # of lines, color of the lines and order is accurate
Write a conclusion – based on your observations, what can you conclude about the different materials and light you see the material produce?

19. The Big Bang Started as a single point Expansion Evidence
Explosive at first
Evidence
Red-shift

20. How is a spectrum created?
If light passes through gas or dust
Light absorbed
Excites/heats atoms
Emit own light
Makes an emission spectrum
Unique
All objects emit light
Pure light from a source
Continuous spectrum

21. What does a spectrum tell us?
Each chemical or atom has a unique spectrum.
Like a fingerprint
What chemicals are present

22. How do astronomers use spectra?
Look at light from
Stars (gas in outer layers)
Nebula
Determine chemical composition
Can also determine movement of object

23. ID unknown: Strontium

24. Unknown Sodium Hydrogen Lithium Mercury Sun absorption Na emission
H emission
Li emission
Hg emission
Identify elements (Na + H) (no Li/Hg)…star is Sun!
Lithium
Mercury

26. H, Fe

27. Warm Up #2 Why are emission spectra important?
How are emission spectrum created?
What 2 things can astronomers learn by looking at the spectrum from a star?

28. Hubble’s Evidence - Redshift
Change in emission spectrum
Same pattern
Shifted from where it should be

29. Relating back to light…
Blue-shift
Moving towards us
Wavelength shortens
Red-shift
Moving away from us
Wavelength lengthens
Bigger the shift the further away it has come from
Hubble only saw red-shifted spectra

30. Same thing happens with sound…
Doppler effect
Object moving past a stationary object
Waves get shortened in front
Higher pitch
Waves get longer in back
Lower pitch
Inside the source – no change

31. Hubble’s Conclusions Universe moving away from us
Things further away are moving away faster
Expansion rate has
since beginning

32. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Further evidence of the big bang
Picture =
Universe all same temp
Very cold
Not what we actually see
Where else could the microwaves come from?
Extreme red-shift
From a high energy wave
Travel long distances
Oldest light we observe
Time when universe was all the same temp.
The Big Bang

33. “Why do we use/have to learn about the Metric System?”
Scientists need a universal way to communicate data.
195 countries in the world use metric system. 3 don’t.
Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S.A. if they are not labeled in metric units.

34. Who do we think we are?
United states
Myanmar
Liberia

35. “What does the Metric System measure?”
Length - meters, m
Mass – grams, g
Volume - liters, L
Time - seconds, s
Temperature - Celsius, ºC

36. Metric Conversion (Staircase Method)
To convert to a smaller unit, move
decimal point to the right
Kilo (k)
1000
units
Hecto (h)
100
units
Deka (da) 10
units
Basic
Unit
(m, g, L)
Deci (d)
0.1
units
Centi (c)
0.01
units
Milli (m)
0.001
units
To convert to a larger unit, move
decimal point to the left

37. For example… 7000 mg = ____ g Kilo (k) 1000 100 10 Basic Unit
units
Hecto (h)
100
units
Deka (dk) 10
units
Basic
Unit
(m, g, L)
Deci (d)
0.1
units
Centi (c)
0.01
units
Milli (m)
0.001
units
Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase.
Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams.
Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

38. For example… 7 3 7000 mg = ____ g Kilo (k) 1000 100 10 Basic Unit
units
Hecto (h)
100
units
Deka (dk) 10
units
Basic
Unit
(m, g, L)
Deci (d)
0.1
units
Centi (c)
0.01
units
Milli (m)
0.001
units
Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the staircase.
Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. 3
Step 3: Move the decimal that many places.

39. Let’s practice… 150 .2 470,000 20 cm = _________ m
.15 L = _________ mL .2
20 cm = _________ m
470,000
.47 km = _________ mm

40. Warm-up

41. Universal Glue…GRAVITY
Explore it…
Demo
Define it!
The force that attracts a body or toward any other physical body with mass.
Play clip to 1:00
DEMO:
DEMO

42. What is Space? Is it empty? Interstellar medium Dust and Gas Nebulas
Orion Nebula
Large Magellanic Cloud
Is it empty?
Brainstorm a list with your neighbor
of 5 things you might find in space …
Interstellar medium
Dust and Gas
Nebulas

43. Nebular Hypothesis How do we get from Point A to Point B?
Random collisions of atoms
Areas of growing mass
Spherical shape
Pull in more matter
Increase in
Temperature
Pressure
Spin
Creates a bulge in the sphere
Start video at 0:50

44. Nuclear Fusion High temperatures 2 particles become 1
Releases a lot of energy
Video clip
Particle accelerators
Man-made
Create new elements
Find smallest particles
- Run video clip from 0:45 to 1:55
Fermi National Lab

45. Color and Temperature What did you see as a pattern?
Objects give off a variety of light
Peak depends on temperature
Peak shows most common type of light

46. H-R Diagram Graphing Activity
Look for patterns

47. Main Sequence Stars Find group on H-R diagram Wide variety
Find group on H-R diagram
Wide variety
Highest # of stars
Stars stay here the longest
Actively fusing hydrogen into helium
Outward pressure from fusion
Inward pressure from gravity
Equal in these stars
Maintain size

48. How do we know how far away that is?
Parallax effect
Compare distant stars to nearby stars
Measure shift as Earth orbits the Sun
Calculate the distance
Further away = less of a shift
Better technology = see smaller shifts = measure larger distances

50. Looking Back in Time If a star is 10 light years away
If a star is 10 light years away
How old is the light we see today?
Is that star still there today?
If an alien is on a planet 10 million light years away
If they could see with the Earth with great detail, what would they see right now?
When we observe light from a star 2 billion light years away….what does that mean?

51. Light-Years Distances in space are very large
Created new unit - Light year
Distance
9.5×1012 km or 5.9×1012 mi
Proxima Centauri : 2.5 x 1013 miles

52. Daily Review #6

53. What happens to our Sun? Form red giants Fusing helium Core collapsing
Form red giants
Fusing helium
Core collapsing
Outer layers spread out
Cools

54. What then? Forms a white dwarf Ran out of helium
Forms a white dwarf
Ran out of helium
No more fusion
Outer gasses moving away
Planetary nebula
Leaves a hot, dense core
Ring Nebula
Cat’s Eye Nebula

55. What about the fate of larger stars?
Become red supergiants
Fuse elements larger than helium
All the way to iron
Short lives
Supernova
No more fusion
Core violently explodes
Fuses heavier atoms
Very bright, short time
Spreads out material

56. What then? Forms a neutron star If a lower mass core Very dense
Neutron star in supernova Cassiopeia A
Forms a neutron star
If a lower mass core
Very dense
Not very big
Lots of gravity
Can produce gamma and x-rays when it pulls items into it

57. Or… Forms a black hole How can we see?
Or…
Forms a black hole
Higher mass cores
Infinitely dense
Need to travel faster than the speed of light to escape
How can we see?
Will bend light from nearby stars
See dust and gas swirling around
Hot enough to give off x-rays
Probably at the center of most galaxies
Including ours!
Video
Whirlpool Galaxy

58. Warm Up #4 What is happening inside a red supergiant star?
What happens in a supernova?
How is a neutron star different from a black hole?
Why should we not be able to see a black hole?
Why can we “see” a black hole?

59. Age of the Universe Rocks on Earth Oldest stars Universe must be older
Age of the Universe
Rocks on Earth
4.2 billion years
Oldest stars
10-12 billion years
Universe must be older
Estimate backwards
13.8 billion years

60. What happens next? Big Crush Big Chill Big Rip Stops expanding
What happens next?
Big Crush
Stops expanding
Gravity causes to crush
Repeat the process
Big Chill
Expand at slowing rate
Get cooler as expands
Big Rip
Expand at increasing rate
Everything gets ripped apart

61. What else is out there? Visible matter Dark matter Dark energy
Visible matter
Dark matter
Does not give off light
Things weigh more than they should
Dark energy
Causing the increase in expansion rate seen in most recent data
Thus fate of the universe is…
Big Rip
Adding these items makes models better fit actual observations

62. Warm Up #3 What makes a star a main sequence star?
Why does the size of the core of a main sequence star not change?
What will eventually happen to our Sun and why?

63. Metric System Olympics
Create a data table to organize the following items (one per group)
You will be doing the following “events” – paper plate “discus”, straw “javelin” and long jump
For each “event” you will need a measurement, then you will change that measurement to another unit, and you will write this last unit in scientific notation