1. Mid-Century Rebellions Taiping Rebellion ( 太平天國 ) (1851-1864) Christian inspired Nian Rebellion ( 捻軍起義 ) 1851-1868 Bandit groups Muslim Rebellions (1862-1873) Panthay Rebellion (Southwest) Xinjiang (Northwest )

2. Taiping Origins Hong Xiuquan (1813-1864) Heavenly King “Hakka” ( 客家 ) “guest family” vs. Original Inhabitants (bendi) Failure as scholar “Good Works to Exhort the Age” (1832) Liang Afa Issachar T. Roberts, American Baptist Missionary God Worshippers Society vs. Secret Societies and Brotherhoods Triads, Heaven and Earth Society Millenarian movements

3. Thistle Mountain Base Militarization Ten Thousand Followers New Leaders: Yang Xiuqing 楊秀清 (God the Father) Eastern King Xiao Chaogui 蕭朝貴 (Jesus) Western King Wei Changhui 韋昌輝 Northern King Shi Dakai 石達開 (Wing King)

4. Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping Tianguo) March North 1850-51

5. Nanjing: “New Jerusalem” Revolutionary Movement? Egalitarian society Primitive communism New Civil Service Examination Bible and Hong’s exegesis Arrival of Hong Rengan, 1859 Attempt reform

6. Taiping Tianguo (1851-1864) Declare Taiping Tianguo 1/11/1851 Direct challenge to imperial legitimacy No gambling, alcohol or opium 25 Person Units Segregate sexes Common treasury Equality for women

7. Taiping Weaknesses Internal Power Struggles Failure of northern campaign Lack of coordination with other rebellions Radical Ideology Hakka ethnicity

8. Suppression of Taipings Zeng Guofan 曾國藩 Scholar/gentry support Local Militias Western support Weapons/loans Defense of Shanghai Mercenaries Zeng Guofan

9. A Proclamation Against the Bandits Zeng Guofan: “The most extraordinary crisis of all time for the Confucian teachings”

10. Provincial Leaders Zeng Guofan (1811-1872) Organized Hunan Army to suppress Taiping Li Hongzhang (1823-1901) Organized Huai Army to suppress Nian Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885) Suppressed Muslim Rebellion

11. Nian Rebellion ( 捻軍起義 )1851-1868 Roving Bandit Gangs in North China Yellow River Flood 1851 Mobile warfare, armed horsemen (30-50 thousand) Zhang Luoxing leader of Nian Li Hongzhang ( 李鴻章 ) led suppression Li Hongzhang

12. Muslim Rebellions (1862-1873) Panthay Rebellion Han – Muslim antagonism Northwest Rebellion Inspired by Sufism Siege warfare Zuo Zongtang 左宗棠 led suppression of both Muslim Zuo Zongtang