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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

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1 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER THREE CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

2 Keystone Anchors BIO.A Compare cellular structures and their functions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. BIO.A Describe and interpret relationships between structure and function at various levels of biological organization (i.e., organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and multicellular organisms) BIO.A Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell. BIO.A Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane (i.e., passive transport—diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; and active transport—pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis). BIO.A Describe how membrane‐bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.

3 Vocabulary Isotonic Active transport Organ Diffusion Organ system
Endocytosis Eukaryotic Exocytosis Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic Organ Organ system Osmosis Passive transport Prokaryotic Tissue

4 Vocabulary –Cell parts
Cell membrane Cell wall Centrioles Chloroplasts Chromosomes Cytoplasm Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi body Lysosomes Mitochondria Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Vacuoles Vesicle

5

6 Why So Small? Describe why you think cells are so small?
Process Box

7 Cells are small! Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period.
Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope. However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens -Review

8 Discovery of Cells In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork. He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments. He gave them the name “cells” Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space. -Read -Cork is the tough outer bark of a species of oak tree -The compartments reminded him of rooms in a monastery -The specimen he looked at were dead so he just saw cell walls and empty space giving it the “cell” structure

9 Discovery of Cells, cont.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth. This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water Named these cells: “animalcules” -Read -Anton did this around the same time as Hooke -Animalcules = molecules of animals

10 Discovery of Cells, cont.
Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification This led more people to make more observations on more organisms. They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?” -Read

11 Cell Theory In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells. Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells. In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products -Read

12 Cell Theory, cont. Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation. This led scientists to study the process of cell division They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells -The 1st part of cell theory laid the groundwork for all research in biology that followed -Read 2014 Nobel Prize

13 CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS
HOOKE _____________ LEEUWENHOEK _____________ SCHLEIDEN _____________ SCHWANN _____________ VIRCHOW _____________ Cell Theory CORK ANIMALCULES Made better ______________ and observed cells in greater ______________. First to observe ______________ The first to ____________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them LENSES Concluded that all ___________ ___________ were made up of ___________ Proposed that all cells come from ____________ __________ The first to note that _____________ were made up of ___________ IDENTIFY LIVING THINGS OTHER CELLS PLANTS NAMING DETAIL CELLS CELLS NUCLEUS

14 CELL THEORY Video ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE. ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS ___________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________

15 Categories of Cells

16 Eukaryotes Have a ______________ Contain membrane-bound _____________
The nucleus encloses the ___________ May be ___________ or ______________ NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA MULTI-CELLULAR SINGLE-CELLULAR -Read -So unlike prokaryotes eukaryotes have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles -The nucleus encloses DNA -Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes can be either multi-cellular meaning it has multiple cells, or single-celled, meaning 1 cell.

17 Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________
Video -Read -So no nucleus or organelles that are in a membrane -Normally the DNA is in the nucleus but since prokaryotes have no nucleus the DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm -Prokaryotes are single celled Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________ No membrane-bound _______________ ___________is suspended within cytoplasm Are microscopic, ____________organisms NUCLEUS ORGANELLES DNA SINGLE-CELLED

18 PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC?

19 EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC __________________________________

20

21

22 TYPE I What is the difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic? How can you remember the difference?

23 SECTION 3.1 REVIEW How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory? How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes. Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists. 4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms? The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles. The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells. Both have a nucleus.

24 Make Predictions Think about your body
Make Predictions Think about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to perform in order for you to survive. Process Box

25 Cell Comparison Study the cells on the board, what characteristics sets the two types of cells apart? Process Box:

26 ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

27 CELL MEMBRANE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Video __________________________________________________________________________________________________ The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape and holds in cytoplasm. (Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and out of the cell.) CELL MEMBRANE _______________

28 CYTOPLASM The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell (Most of all cell activity occurs here.) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ CYTOPLASM _______________

29 The control center of the cell.
NUCLEUS The control center of the cell. Parts of the Nucleus: Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus Nucleolus Chromosomes ___________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ __________________________________ NUCLEUS _______________

30 ______________________________ ______________________________
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE The membrane that surrounds the nucleus. ________________________________________ Nuclear Membrane in Green NUCLEAR MEMBRANE ______________________________ NUCLEAR PORES ______________________________

31 CHROMOSOMES Thread-like cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Chromosomes in Red _______________ CHROMOSOMES

32 NUCLEOLUS HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES.
________________________________________ NUCLEOLUS _______________

33 RIBOSOMES MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY.
FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM _____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ RIBOSOMES _______________

34 (Can usually find ribosomes on this network.)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear membrane and visa versa. (Can usually find ribosomes on this network.) ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM _______________

35 INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS How can you tell the difference between the locations of the cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the nucleus compared to the nucleolus? Process Box:

36 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough vs Smooth

37 Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell.
MITOCHONDRIA Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell. __________________________________________________________________________ ____________ MITOCHONDRIA

38 Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell.
LYSOSOMES Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________ LYSOSOMES

39 _______________________________________
GOLGI APPARATUS Packages materials for the cell. _______________________________________ Animation GOLGI APPARATUS ______________

40 Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION
CENTRIOLES Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION ____________________________________________

41 VACUOLE Stores food and water for cell
_______________________________________ Stores food and water for cell ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL ____________________________ Contains many small vacuoles Contains one large “central vacuole that takes up most of the space inside of a plant cell _______________________________________________________________________________________ ________ VACUOLE

42 ANIMAL CELL DIAGRAM Label the organelles of this animal cell.
NUCLEOLUS NUCLEUS RIBOSOMES VESICLE ROUGH ER GOLGI BODIES CELL MEMBRANE SMOOTH ER MITOCHONDRIA VACUOLE CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CENTRIOLES _________________

43 CELL WALL The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape. (More rigid than cell membrane.) _________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ CELL WALL ____________

44 ______________________
CHLOROPLAST Inner life of cell The plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which are responsible for producing food. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ CHLOROPLASTS

45 Plant Cells There are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from animal cells. Process Box:

46 1. ____________________
2. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 10. ____________________ 9. ____________________ 4. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 7. ____________________ 6. ____________________

47 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 1. ____________ 8. ____________ 4. ____________ 7. ____________ 6. ____________ 5. ____________

48 1._____________ 2._____________ 12.__________ 3._____________ 4._____________ 5._________ 6._________ 7.________ 9._____________ 8._____________ 10.___________ 11.___________ 12._______

49 3._________ 1.____________ 4._________ 6._________ 2.____________ 5._________ 7._________ 8._________ 9._________ 10.___________ 12.___________ 11.___________

50 2._________________ 1._____________ 3.__________ 4.______________ 5.______________ 6.________________ 7._________________

51 2.____________ 1._____________ 3.____________ 4.____________ 10.____________ 5._____________ 6._____________ 9.____________ 7.____________ 8.____________

52 2._______________ 3._______________ 4.______________ 1._______________ 5._______________ 6._______________ 7._______________ 8._______________

53 2.__________________ 1.__________________ 12.__________________ 3.__________________ 11.__________________ 4.__________________ 10.__________________ 5.__________________ 9.__________________ 8.__________________ 7.__________________ 6.__________________

54 11._____________________
10.___________ 9._____________________ 1. _________ 8. ______________________ 7. ______________________ 6. ______________________ 3. _______________ 2. ____________ 5. ______________________ 4. ______________________

55 2. _____________ 1. _____________ 12. _____________ 11. _____________ 3. _____________ 10. _____________ 9. _____________ 8. _____________ 4. _____________ 7. _____________ 5. _____________ 6. ________________

56 2. ____________________
1. ____________________ 3. ____________________ 11. __________ 4. ____________________ 5. ____________________ 6. ____________________ 10. ____________ 7. ____________________ 8. ____________________ 9. ____________________

57 Study the diagram of the cell membrane.
Process Box: Study the diagram of the cell membrane. What parts of the labeled diagram do you notice? What macromolecules make up the cell membrane? Video

58 Cell Membrane Facts Known as the ________________, the ________________, or the ____________________membrane Separates the _____________of all cells from the ______________ environment. It is selectively __________________to ions and organic molecules Controls the _______________________in and out of cells. Protects the ____________. Made up of ________________with embedded __________. Phospholipid bilayer- Proteins- Involved in a variety of cellular processes a. __________________ and __________________ b. __________________ c. __________________ Plasma membrane Fluid mosaic model cytoplasmic interior external permeable Movement of particles cell Phospholipid bilayer proteins Endocytosis Exocytosis Cell Signaling Transport of materials

59 LIPID BILAYER Hydrophilic Region: Hydro: ____________
______________region of the membrane that have a tendency to interact with or be dissolved by water and other polar substances. Hydrophobic Region: Phobic: ____________ ______________ region of the plasma membrane that are more ‘selective’ as to what passes through the membrane. WATER ATTRACTION POLAR WATER Lipid bilayers are generally impermeable to ions and polar molecules. The arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer prevent polar solutes (e.g. amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and ions) from diffusing across the membrane, but generally allows for the passive diffusion of hydrophobic molecules. This affords the cell the ability to control the movement of these substances via transmembrane protein complexes such as pores, channels and gates. REPEL NON-POLAR

60 What Makes Up the Cell Membrane?
Label these parts: Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates A B __________________ C. __________________ X. ___________________ Y. ___________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS HYDROPHILIC HEAD HYDROPHILIC TAIL C

61 ____________________

62 Label the cell membrane with the terms below
Label the cell membrane with the terms below. Color the parts according to their functions. Lipid Bilayer Hydrophobic Tail Hydrophilic Head Transport Protein Carbohydrate Cholesterol Recognition Protein Red: Aids in cell recognition (Flags) Blue: Attracted to water molecules, allows it to move through Green: Acts as a receptor for certain molecules Yellow: Keeps the cell membrane ‘firm’ or sturdy Orange: Avoids water Purple: Transport materials across cell membrane

63 Text Rendering Read the article, highlight things that stand out, list notes on the right side All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that encloses their contents and serves as a semi-porous barrier to the outside environment. The membrane acts as a boundary, holding the cell constituents together and keeping other substances from entering. The plasma membrane is permeable to specific molecules, however, and allows nutrients and other essential elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave the cell. Small molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, are able to pass freely across the membrane, but the passage of larger molecules, such as amino acids and sugars, is carefully regulated.

64 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

65 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell. Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport. There are two types of passive transport. diffusion osmosis

66 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane. Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount

67 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis There are three types of solutions.
isotonic – concentrations are equal hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst hypotonic hypertonic

68 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins. Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane. Facilitated diffusion - diffusion through transport proteins.

69 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

70 DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Label the diagrams as ‘diffusion’, ‘facilitated diffusion’, and ‘active transport’. DIFFUSION _______________________________ PASSIVE FACILITATED DIFFUSION _______________________________ ACTIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE _______________________________

71 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell. Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis

72 ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

73 ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

74 ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

75 ENDOCYTOSIS OR EXOCYTOSIS?

76 Organelle – cell structure that has a unique function
Cell – basic unit of structure and function Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function. Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions. CELL TISSUE ORGAN

77

78 WORD SPLASH Organelle Organ system Organ Tissue Cell

79 WORD SPLASH Osmosis Diffusion Exocytosis Endocytosis Active Transport
Passive Transport

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