1. CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER THREE
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

3. Why So Small? Describe why you think cells are so small?
Process Box

4. Cells are small! Most cells are about 1/500 the size of a period.
Almost all cells are too small to see without the aid of a microscope.
However the invention of the compound microscopes didn’t come until the late 1500’s
Compound microscopes contain 2 or more lenses
Total magnification is the product of the magnifying power of each individual lens
-Review

5. Discovery of Cells
In 1665 Robert Hooke used a 3-lens compound microscope to examine thin slices of cork.
He observed that cork is made of tiny, hollow compartments.
He gave them the name “cells”
Hooke was only looking at cell walls & empty space.
-Read
-Cork is the tough outer bark of a species of oak tree
-The compartments reminded him of rooms in a monastery
-The specimen he looked at were dead so he just saw cell walls and empty space giving it the “cell” structure

6. Discovery of Cells, cont.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was studying new lens-making methods to examine cloth.
This resulted in powerful single-lens microscopes
In 1674 he observed living single-celled organisms swimming in pond water
Named these cells: “animalcules”
-Read
-Anton did this around the same time as Hooke
-Animalcules = molecules of animals

7. Discovery of Cells, cont.
Microscopes and lens-design continued to advance, which led to greater magnification
This led more people to make more observations on more organisms.
They saw a wide variety of cells, shapes, & cells dividing
Led to the questions: “Is all living matter made of cells?”, & “Where do cells come from?”
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8. Cell Theory
In 1838 Matthias Schleiden proposed that plants are made of cells.
Theodor Schwann was studying animal cells
Schwann was struck by similarities between plant & animal cells, concluded all animals are made of cells.
In 1839 he proposed the 1st part of cell theory: All living things are made of cells & cell products
-Read

9. Cell Theory, cont.
Schwann stated that cells form spontaneously by free-cell formation.
This led scientists to study the process of cell division
They concluded part of Schwann’s theory was wrong
In 1855 Rudolf Virchow, reported all cells come from preexisting cells
-The 1st part of cell theory laid the groundwork for all research in biology that followed
-Read

10. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS
HOOKE
_____________
LEEUWENHOEK
_____________
SCHLEIDEN
_____________
SCHWANN
_____________
VIRCHOW
_____________
Cell Theory
CORK
ANIMALCULES
Made better ______________ and observed cells in greater ______________. First to observe ______________
The first to ____________ cells. Responsible for ____________ them
LENSES
Concluded that all ___________ ___________ were made up of ___________
Proposed that all cells come from ____________ __________
The first to note that _____________ were made up of ___________
IDENTIFY
LIVING THINGS
OTHER CELLS
PLANTS
NAMING
DETAIL
CELLS
CELLS
NUCLEUS

11. CELL THEORY ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS
___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________

12. Who is “The Man’ After hearing about the Cell Theory, and the history of its development, which one scientist do you feel influenced the Cell Theory most and why?
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13. Categories of Cells

14. Prokaryotes Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________
-Read
-So no nucleus or organelles that are in a membrane
-Normally the DNA is in the nucleus but since prokaryotes have no nucleus the DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm
-Prokaryotes are single celled
Prokaryotic cells do not have a __________
No membrane-bound _______________
___________is suspended within cytoplasm
Are microscopic, ____________organisms
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
DNA
SINGLE-CELLED

15. Eukaryotes Have a ______________ Contain membrane-bound _____________
The nucleus encloses the ___________
May be ___________ or ______________
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
DNA
MULTI-CELLULAR
SINGLE-CELLULAR
-Read
-So unlike prokaryotes eukaryotes have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
-The nucleus encloses DNA
-Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes can be either multi-cellular meaning it has multiple cells, or single-celled, meaning 1 cell.

16. Categories of Cells

17. EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC __________________________________

20. SECTION 3.1 REVIEW
How did improvements in the microscope help scientists form cell theory?
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
Today, scientists can study human cells growing in petri dishes.
Explain how this technique builds on the work of early scientists.
4. In what ways are cells similar to atoms?
The microscope enabled the scientists to first ‘SEE’ the cells so they could be studied further.
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles.
Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles.
The fact that scientists can grow cells in petri dishes is because they recognize that cells come from other cells.
Both have a nucleus.

21. Make Predictions Think about your body
Make Predictions Think about your body. List the functions that your body must be able to perform in order for you to survive.
Process Box

22. CELL MEMBRANE
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The outer most side of an animal cell, that gives the cell shape and holds in cytoplasm.
(Also contains pores to allow some particles to move in and out of the cell.)
CELL
MEMBRANE
_______________

23. CYTOPLASM
The clear, jellylike material between the cell membrane and the nucleus that makes up most of the cell
(Most of all cell activity occurs here.)
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
CYTOPLASM
_______________

24. The control center of the cell.
NUCLEUS
The control center of the cell.
Parts of the Nucleus:
Nuclear Membrane: The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Nuclear Pores: allow some particles to move in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromosomes
___________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
__________________________________
NUCLEUS
_______________

25. ______________________________ ______________________________
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
________________________________________
Nuclear Membrane in Green
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
______________________________
NUCLEAR
PORES
______________________________

26. CHROMOSOMES
Thread-like cell parts with information that determines what traits a living thing will have.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Chromosomes in Red
_______________
CHROMOSOMES

27. NUCLEOLUS HELPS MAKE RIBOSOMES.
________________________________________
NUCLEOLUS
_______________

28. RIBOSOMES MAKES PROTEINS FOR THE BODY.
FOUND ON ENDOPLASMICE RETICULUM AND THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM
_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
RIBOSOMES
_______________

29. (Can usually find ribosomes on this network.)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Moves cell materials from cell membrane to nuclear membrane and visa versa.
(Can usually find ribosomes on this network.)
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
_______________

30. INTERPRETING DIAGRAMS How can you tell the difference between the locations of the cell membrane compared to the nuclear membrane? How can you tell the difference between the locations of the nucleus compared to the nucleolus?
Process Box:

31. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Rough vs Smooth

32. Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell.
MITOCHONDRIA
Responsible for supplying ENERGY to the cell.
__________________________________________________________________________
____________
MITOCHONDRIA

33. Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell.
LYSOSOMES
Helps digest, (break down), waste materials of cell.
________________________________________________________________________________________
____________
LYSOSOMES

34. _______________________________________
GOLGI APPARATUS
Packages materials for the cell.
_______________________________________
Animation
GOLGI
APPARATUS
______________

35. Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION
CENTRIOLES
Parts of an ANIMAL cell that help with cell REPRODUCTION
____________________________________________

36. VACUOLE Stores food and water for cell
_______________________________________
Stores food and water for cell
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
____________________________
Contains many small vacuoles
Contains one large “central vacuole that takes up most of the space inside of a plant cell
_______________________________________________________________________________________
________
VACUOLE

37. ANIMAL CELL DIAGRAM Label the organelles of this animal cell.
NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEUS
RIBOSOMES
VESICLE
ROUGH ER
GOLGI BODIES
CELL MEMBRANE
SMOOTH ER
MITOCHONDRIA
VACUOLE
CYTOPLASM
LYSOSOME
CENTRIOLES
_________________

38. Cell Comparison Study the cells on the board, what characteristics sets the two types of cells apart?
Process Box:

39. ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL

40. CELL WALL
The outer most side of an plant cell, (surrounds the cell membrane), that gives the cell structure, and a specific shape.
(More rigid than cell membrane.)
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
CELL WALL
____________

41. ______________________
CHLOROPLAST
Inner life of cell
The plant cell parts that contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which are responsible for producing food.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________
CHLOROPLASTS

42. 1. ____________________
2. ____________________
3. ____________________
10. ____________________
9. ____________________
4. ____________________
8. ____________________
5. ____________________
7. ____________________
6. ____________________

43. Plant Cells There are four distinct differences between plant cells and animal cells. List each difference and describe how its role and/or how it differs from animal cells.
Process Box:

44. 2. ____________
3. ____________
1. ____________
8. ____________
4. ____________
7. ____________
6. ____________
5. ____________

45. 1._____________
2._____________
12.__________
3._____________
4._____________
5._________
6._________
7.________
9._____________
8._____________
10.___________
11.___________
12._______

46. 3._________
1.____________
4._________
6._________
2.____________
5._________
7._________
8._________
9._________
10.___________
12.___________
11.___________

47. 2._________________
1._____________
3.__________
4.______________
5.______________
6.________________
7._________________

48. 2.____________
1._____________
3.____________
4.____________
10.____________
5._____________
6._____________
9.____________
7.____________
8.____________

49. 2._______________
3._______________
4.______________
1._______________
5._______________
6._______________
7._______________
8._______________

50. 2.__________________
1.__________________
12.__________________
3.__________________
11.__________________
4.__________________
10.__________________
5.__________________
9.__________________
8.__________________
7.__________________
6.__________________

51. 11._____________________
10.___________
9._____________________ 1.
_________ 8.
______________________ 7.
______________________ 6.
______________________ 3.
_______________ 2.
____________ 5.
______________________ 4.
______________________

52. 2.
_____________ 1.
_____________
12.
_____________
11.
_____________ 3.
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10.
_____________ 9.
_____________ 8.
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_____________ 7.
_____________ 5.
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________________

53. 2. ____________________
1. ____________________
3. ____________________
11. __________
4. ____________________
5. ____________________
6. ____________________
10. ____________
7. ____________________
8. ____________________
9. ____________________

54. Assessment Anchor Homeostasis and Transport
Identify and describe the cell structures involved in transport of materials into, out of, and throughout a cell.
Describe how the structure of the plasma membrane allows it to function as a regulatory structure and/or protective barrier for a cell
Compare the mechanisms that transport materials across the plasma membrane, (i.e., passive transport-diffusion, osmosis, facilitate diffusion; and active transport-pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis.
Describe how membrane-bound cellular organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus) facilitate the transport of materials within a cell.
Explain mechanisms that permit organisms to maintain biological balance between their internal and external environments.
Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis (e.g., thermoregulation, water regulation, oxygen regulation).

55. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes because of concentration differences.

56. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Passive transport - does not require energy input from a cell.
Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.
There are two types of passive transport.
diffusion
osmosis

57. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Osmosis - is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
Diffusion – movement of a substance from where there is a large amount to where there is a small amount

58. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis There are three types of solutions.
isotonic – concentrations are equal
hypertonic – solution has more solutes than a cell, cell shrivels and dies
Hypotonic – solution has fewer solutes than a cell, cell expands and may burst
hypotonic
hypertonic

59. 3.4 Diffusion and Osmosis
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins.
Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell membrane.
Facilitated diffusion - diffusion through transport proteins.

60. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
Active transport - Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane.

61. 3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.
Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.
Exocytosis - the process of expelling material from inside the cell to outside the cell.
Endocytosis - the process of taking material into the cell
Phagocytosis - a type of endocytosis

62. Tissues - groups of cells that perform a similar function.
Organs - groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function.
Organ systems - groups of organs that carry out similar functions.
vascular
tissue
leaf
stem
lateral
roots
primary
root
SYSTEMS
root system
shoot system
CELL
TISSUE
ORGAN

63. CELL THEORY ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
ALL EXISTING CELLS ARE PRODUCED BY OTHER LIVING CELLS
___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________