1. PLAN : Introduction Biosemiotis Zoosemiotics Sebeok conception of what is Semiotics Modeling sustem theory /  Primary modeling systems  Secondary modeling systems  Tertiary modeling systms The questions of living entities in semiotics Conclusion Presented by Fellah Lynda

2. Biosemiotics Thomas Sebeok is one of the figures who made a great contribution to the foundation of the field of semiotics and he studied “ biosemiotics “ which he called ‘Semiotics or life‘ or the study of semiosis in animals and as he stated in his book (2001), ‘global semiotics‘. He affected by the works of Charles S. Pierce, Roman Jakobson and Morris. Sebeok was affected by the’ Meaning of Meaning‘ (1923) that is introduced by Charles K.Ogden and Ivor Richards and he benefited a lot from their study of semiotics. The semiotics of Thomas Sebeok is developed as a ‘globally semiotics ‘ which claims that signs and life coincide with each other and can be not separated and semiosis is a behavior among living beings. Sebeok ‘s‘ global Semiotics ‘ spread the whole universe. According to him semiotics is the field or the ground in which the ’ sign of sciences ‘ and ‘ life sciences ‘ meet or converge, this means that, they connect with each other. As a consequence the human being is considered a sign in a global of signs (Sebeok, 2001).

3. Global Semiotics Life Science Sign Science Figure 1 : According to Sebeok global semiotics is the convergence of sign sciences and life sciences,

4. The science of sign or study of sign Sebeok has broaden the traditional semiotics and developed an approach to the study of sign that extended semiology. The science of sign introduced by Ferdinand de Saussure emphasized only on human sign. But de did not account for the non human signs.Semiology for Sebeok, is called the minor tradition, whereas, the semiotics that is presented by John Lock and Charles S. pierce is called the major tradition. Sebeok’s approach to life of sign’s is global or holistic and is be associated with his contribution of the signs of life. He viewed that life and semiosis coincide or converge. And semiosis is the criterial attribute of life. (Sebeok, 1978)

5. The science of sign or study of sign Semiology emphasized on human sign Semiotics based on human and non-human sign Minor traditionMajor tradition SaussureCharles.S. Peirce. John Lock… Figure 2 : The distinction of semiology and semiotics according to Sebeok.

6. According to Sebeok, global semiotics, as he stated, is meeting point or connection and an observation post for studies on the signs of life and life of signs. He explored the science or doctrine of signs and investigated the field to include zoosemiotics ( a term introduced I, 1963), bio semiotics and endosemiotics. Sebeok in his study of sign, extended the socio-cultural life and according to him semiotics should be more then this, before sign study was only concentrated in the semiology of signification and communication, as introduced by Saussure (1916: 26) but later, semiotics is anthroposemiotics, zoosemiotics, play to semiotics, environmental semiotics, machine semiotics, myco-semiotics, mircosemiotics and endosemiotics and all these of which derived of biosemitics or just semiotics.

7. Semiology Communication Signification Semiotics Anthroposemiotics Mycosemiotics Phytosemiotics Zoosemiotics Environmental Semiotics Figure 3 : Sebeok extended the socio-cultural life,

8. Biology and social sciences, linguistics psychology ethology, health sciences, medical semiotics, psycho analysis, gerontology find then somces from semiotics

9. Semiotics BiologySocial SciencelinguisticsPsychologyEthology Health Science Medical semiotics PsychoanalysisGerontology Figure 4 : Sebeok assumes that semiotics is the central source of the sciences mentioned

10. The central concept in global semiotics is modeling that provide explanation and illustration to life and behavior among living entities in terms of semiosis. Global semiotics or what is called the semiotics of life develops modeling systems theory. The notion of modeling is of a principal importance in semiotics exploration of Sebeok. It is meant language( primary modeling systems) besides human cultural systems that is ref referred to as secondary model is system. Sebeok’s expansion of the idea or motion of modeling is going beyond the field or the circle of anthroposemiotics, which interpreted as an outside world model. He asserts that the modeling capacity can be observed in all aspects or forms of life.( SebeoK 1991 and 1994). The methodological from work that been presented in the field of biosemiotics is modeling system theory as formulated by Sebeok in his work on the convergence of semiotics and biology, is needed in the study modeling behavior in and across all forms of life. This modeling systems’ theory provides analysis on semiotic phenomenon in terms of modeling processes (Sebeok and Dansei 2001-43). In semiotis’s modeling systems theory semiosis is defined as the capacity of a species to produce and comprehend the specific types of modes it requires for processing and codifying perceptual imput in its oun way( Sebeok and Dansei 2000:5) There are three types of systems theory which are, according to Sebeok, the primary, secondary and tertiary modeling systems. The first one is, which is the primary modeling system is the innate capacity for simulative modeling, that is to say, is a system that permits organisms to simulate something in species. It presupposes language as conceived primary modeling system that is distinguished from speech that is a human second modeling system. Which, the tertiary modeling system tend to be highly abstract, something not concrete which is the human cultural systems. The applied study of modeling systems theory is called systems analysis (Sebeok, 2001).

11. Types of modelling system theory Primary modeling system ; the innate capacity for simulative modelling i - e natural language. Secondary modelling system ; the human cultural system. Tertiary modelling system is something abstract Figure 5 : Types of modelling system theory according to Sebeok.

12. 2- the questions of living entities implied in semiosis: In his article the evolution of semiosis, Sebeok raises a question of what is semiosis? In order to answer the question Sebeok adopted Pierce view of semiosis or action of sign that is a triadic process between the representamen (sign), object and interpretant but Peirce emphases more on the production of interpretant or the sign’s interpretation or effect. (CP.473). According to Peirce, all signs require at least two quasi-minds ; a quasi- utterer and quasi-interpreter (CP.551). What Sebeok added is that the interpreter, mind or quasi mind is also a sign’ (1994 b: 14), Sebeok argues that an interpretant: an interpreter is a responsive somebody taking into consideration the citation from Morris 1946who says that semiosis as a process in which something is a sign to some organism, Sebeok agrees that in this definition a living entity is part in the process of semiosis. In other words, semiosis appeared with the life’s evolution. According to Sebeok’s global semiotics, the living entity in semiosics may be a cell or a portion of a cell Sebeok, in the evolution of semiosis, begins to study the question of the cosmos before questioning about semiosis. He refers to 3,900 to 2,500 million years ago when in which there only physical phenomena, that is the interactions of non-biological atoms. This interaction are called quasi- semiotic’ which is distinct from Protosemitic’. Sebeok viewed semiosis implies life and states that non-biological interactions is primitive communication and there is not a single instance of life outside terrestrial biosphere. The central notion in Sebeok’s research is that life and semiosis coincide and semiosis is then terrestrial from the inanimate entities. Thus, for Sebeok sign processes and animate raised togather with the evolution of life. (Sebeok, 1997)

13. Animate entities Life Biological interactions Semiotics Figure 6 : Illustrates the evolution of semiosis as it is introduced by sebeok

14. Figure 7 : Sebeok states that life and semiosis coincide. Non-biological Interactions No Life Inanimate Entities

15. 3-Biosemiotics’s extension is sebeok’s work The coincidence of semiosis and life changed the way in which semiotics as early perceived Seabed conceives semiotics as a like science, as biosemiotics. Semiotic universe of seabed compasses the following: The life of signs and the signs of life as that is now days called biological sciences. The signs of animal like and relationship of organisms in the me environment Human verbal and nom verbal signs, the former compose signs like natural languages, the latter implies the signs like natural languages such as gestures child’s signs, human body signs Signs at all levels of intentional and unconscious like(Sebeok, 1992).

16. Zoosemiotics Many semioticians assume that only people make use of signs and only man is a semiotic creatures. The idea challenged by Thomas Sebeok who supposes that animal communication is also focused on signs and he suggests the notion zoosemiotics that studies the animal semiosis ( Sebeok 1968, 1972 ). Sebeok assumes that he got the important experimentation clues from Jakob Von Uexkul ( 1864, 1944 ). The latter convinced Sebeok and provided him with evidence of semiosis in the animal world.

17. Sebeok claims that animal communication is also focused on signs and suggests that the notions of Zoobiotics that studies the animal semiosis (sebeok 1968-1972). Sebeok replaced the term Zoosemiotics with Biosemiotics. JAKOB VON UEXKUL (1864-1972) experimental clues Evidence of semiosis in animal world Sebeok conviction of animal communication ZOOSEMIOTICS

18. Modeling is crucial concept used in global semiotics which explains life and behavior among the living organisms. It makes the foundation of communication (Sebeok 1991). It goes beyond the circles of anthroposemiotics. It is interpreted an outside world model that deals with sign sciences without referring to the physical world. Its capacity can be observed in all aspects of life (Sebeok, Dansei : 2000-5). It provides explanation and illustration to life and behavior among living objects in terms of semiosis. It is the ability of production of forms to present objects, actions, simotions, events and ideas conceived to have meaning, purpose function or goal.

19. The Modeling Systems Theory The methodological framework that has been presented in the field of biosemiotics is the modeling system theory as formulated by Sebeok in his work on the convergence of biology and semiotics is needed in the study of modeling behavior in across all forms of life. Modeling is crucial concept used in global semiotics which explains life and behavior among the living organisms. It makes the foundation of communication ( Sebeok 1991). Sebeok ’s expansion of the idea or the notion of modeling is going beyong the circles of anthroposemiotics that is interpreted an ‘ outside world model ‘ that deals with sign sciences without referring to the physical world but studying the semiotics from the psychological perspective.He asserts that the modeling capacity can be observed in all aspects or forms of life ( Sebeok 1991 b : 49-59, 68 – 82 and 1991 : 117-127 ). This modeling systems theory provides analysis on the semiotic phenomenon ( Sebeok, Dansei : 2000-5 ). The central concept in ‘ Global semiotics ‘ is’ modeling’, which is came from the word model which is adapted from Umvelt, modeling provides explanation and illustration to life and behavior among living objects in terms of semiosis. Global semiotics or what is called ‘ the semiotics of life ‘ develops modeling systems theory. According to Sebeok, modeling is the ability of production of forms to present objects, actions, situations, events and ideas conceived to have meaning,purpose, function or goal. The notion of modeling is of a principal importance in semiotic exploration of Sebeok. There are three kinds of modeling systems theory which are the primary, secondary and tertiary modeling systems. The first type is the primary modeling system which is the innate capacity for stimulative modeling, in other words, is a system that permits the organisms to stimulate something in the species that is the communication. It presupposes natural language concieved as the primary modeling system. It is an instinctive ability to model the sensitive features i-e properties that can be percieved or sensed. It is the species – specific biological apparatus. It is meant natural language.Language refers to an ideological relationship with some other systems, collectivity,a computer etc where its reflection acts as a control of this system ‘s total mode of communication ( Sebeok 1987, 2). The second kind of modeling systems theory which is called the secondary modeling systems that is referred to as speech or the capacity for speech, which is the human secondary modeling system or the individual organism ‘ s interests which govern its cognitive map that is specified more on human,which means a system that permits for the extension and the indication of forms ( Sebeok, Dansei 2000: 82-95). The third type is the tertiary modeling system that is related to the world of culture or socio-cultural life that determines ways of communication among human species. is that the interpreter, mind or quasi mind is also a sign ( 1994b : 14 ).Sebeok assumes that an interprtant ;an interpreter is a responsive somebody. Taking into consideration the citation from Morris as ‘ a process in which something is a sign to some organism ‘, Sebeok argues that in this definition a living entity takes part in the process of semiosis. In other words, semiosis involves with the life ‘s evolution. According to Sebeok ‘s global semiotics, the living entity in semiosis may be a cell or a portion of a cell. Sebeok, in ‘the evolution of Semiosis, begins to study the question of the cosmos before questioning about semiosis.

20. Types of modeling systems theory such as the primary, secondary and tertiary modeling systems according to Sebeok The modeling systems is the methodological framework in the field of biosemiotics The primary modeling system which is the innate capacity for simulative modeling. It is a system of communication wgich is the language and it is an instinctive ability The secondary modeling system that is referred to as speech or capacity for speech which is the human secondary modeling system or individual organism’s interests which govern its cognitive map. The third type is the tertiary modeling system that is related to the world of culture or socio-cultural life.

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