1. Centre for Labour Market Research, Aalborg University, Denmark (CARMA) Access to the Labour Market Youth Employment in Europe Per Kongshøj Madsen Centre for Labour Market Research (CARMA) Aalborg University, Denmark www.carma.aau.dk Danish Presidency conference on “Youth: Employment and Inclusion in Times of Crisis” Horsens, April 26-27, 2012

2. Overview Youth and the labour market The risk of scarring effects Why higher youth unemployment? Which are the relevant policies to support employment for young people?

3. NEETs in the EU Dual training system

4. Job mobility of youth and adults Tenure < 3 months Source: Eurostat

5. Job mobility of youth and adults Tenure < 3 months Source: Eurostat

6. Temporary employment Source: ETUI, 2012 Youth: 15-24 years

7. Involuntary? Source: ETUI, 2012

8. Geographic mobility Source: OECD (2012): Economic Survey of the European Union 2012

9. Scarring effects Long-term effects on individual (un)employment A rise in structural unemployment and negative effects on growth and public budgets Wage penalties (Effect of being unemployed for more than 6 months after graduation, Danish data) Source: AE, 2012

10. Leaving home Chiuri & Boca, 2009 Blue: Men Red: Women

11. Flexicurity policies for young persons Support labour market mobility in general – thus creating more job openings also for the young –Economic growth! –Lower the fences between insiders and outsiders on the labour market

12. Flexicurity policies for young persons Support critical transitions for young persons –A flexible and coherent educational system (without blind alleys) –Monitoring and counselling of young persons from secondary school to vocational and further education (reducing drop-outs) –Dual training systems and internships integrated into education (formally or informally) –Early intervention in case of unemployment, e.g. youth guarantee (reducing scarring-effects)

13. Make transitions pay for the young Support mobility across countries, regions and sectors –Transparancy and guidance –Recognition of professional qualifications across the EU –Access to housing and childcare –Access to (re)training –Support to ”ice-breaker”-schemes stimulating untraditional job-openings for graduates (SME’s) –Provide safety nets and ensure portability of social rights and pensions rights (e.g. unemployment insurance)

14. Something must be done! Milena Stoycheva, Bulgaria CEO of Young entrepreneurs – Junior Achievement Young Enterprise (JA-YE Europe) Pierre Echard, Novia Salcedo Foundation, Spain Santa Ozolina, European Youth Forum, Latvia Wallis Goelen, European Commission Jacques Dahan, Socio-economic Expert, France