1. Organic chemistry
General outline

2. BOND POLARIZATION Electron shifts in σ- bonds
Permanent sigma bond polarization :
static inductive effect
constant bond polarity
C O
2. Temporary sigma bond polarization :
( dipole – induced dipole) Dynamic inductive effect
temporary polarity

3. electron interactions in p-bonds
BOND POLARIZATION
electron interactions in p-bonds
(tautomer effect)
1. Static conjugation effect:
C=O
σ+ σ-
2. Dynamic conjugation effect:
C=C
σ- σ+
- +

4. Formulas of organic chemistry
Empirical formula : the atomic composition of the compound
The ratio of the atoms only.
not informatic!
e.g. C2H6O
2. Condensed formula: contains the main structure details
CH3-O-CH3 or CH3-CH2-OH
3. Expanded formula or full formula: shows all of the structure details

5. Structures of organic compounds
linear/branched
Cyclic/aromatic
Saturated
Unsaturated
II.
We can distinguish the substituent and non-substituent part
Substituent: everything (a group or an atom) which is attached to the carbon, except Hydrogen
Non-substituent: all C and H atoms
substituted compounds (the H and/or C atoms are substituted by hetero atoms - like O, S, N, halogens or metals

6. Structures of organic compounds
III. Functional groups
In organic chemistry, functional groups (or moieties) are specific groups of atoms.
Functional groups are attached to the carbon backbone of organic molecules.
They determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of molecules.
Functional groups are less stable than the carbon backbone and are likely to participate in chemical reactions.
- The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s) regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part of.

7. Structures of organic compounds
III. Functional groups
Halogen atom containing compounds
Oxygen containing compounds
Alcohols : hydroxyl group –OH
Ethers : ether group : C-O-C
Aldehydes : aldehyde group (terminal carbonyl group): -HC=O
Ketones: keto group( carbonyl group )
Carboxylic acids: carboxyl group

8. characterizes the following types of compounds
A carbonyl group (C=O)
characterizes the following types of compounds
Compound:
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic acid
Ester
Structure:
         
         
         
         
General formula:
RCHO
RCOR'
RCOOH
RCOOR'

9. 3. Nitrogen containing compounds
Amines: R-NH2
Nitro compounds
4. Sulfur containing compounds
Thiols:

10. IV. Isomeres
Isomeric form: identical atomic composition, diffrent structure
Geometric isomerism
e.g. cis-trans isomerism
optical isomerism ….
2. Functional isomerism

11. Nomenclatures of organic compounds
Trivial names
2. Official names, given by IUPAC
– rule of numbering C atoms
- rule of naming the isomer and the normal forms
e.g. : alcohol = ethanol
propanol = propane-1-ol
acetic acid = etanoic acid
aceton = propanon or propan-2-one 

12. Reaction types in organic chemistry
Substitution
Elimination
Addition
1. Substitution
Replacement of an atom ( mostly H)
CH4 + Cl2 = CH3Cl + HCl
Chloromethane or
Methyl chloride
CH3-CH2-Cl + NaOH CH3-CH2-OH + NaCl
Sigma bond reaction

13. 2. Elimination - withdrawal of a molecule from the compound
a. intramolecular
e.g. CH3-CH2-CH2-Cl CH3-CH=CH2 + HCl
Pi-bond forms
b. intermolecular = condensation
e.g. CH3-OH + OH-CH CH3-O-CH3 + H2O
No pi-bond forms
Dimethyl ether

14. 3. Addition the opposite to elimination
two or more molecules combine to form a larger one
CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3-CH2-OH
ethene
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl
ethene
Pi bond is eliminated

15. Reaction types
- Only 3 reaction types : substitution, elimination, addition
- These 3 main reaction types include all other reactions
e.g. oxidation, hydrolysis, condensation…….
e.g. oxidation of the methane
Methane methanol formaldehide formic acid carbon dioxide
Oxidation – substitution
Elimination of H2
Substitution

16. Reaction mechanism 2 reaction mechanism in organic chemistry
1. Ionic mechanism
a. Nucleophylic
b. electrophylic
2. Radical mechanism
The reaction mechanism is definite by the nature of the attacking agent

17. Reaction mechanism 1.a Nucleophylic substitution: SN
Static inductiv effect C-O

18. Reaction mechanism 1.b Electrophylic addition: AdE
CH2=CH2 + Br CH2Br-CH2Br
1,2 dibromo ethane
ethene
Unequal spliting of the Br-Br bond
– heterolytic cleavage results ions

19. Reaction mechanism 2. Radical mechanism
radical :atom or molecule with unpaired electron
the attacking agent contains a free radical that was formed as the result of homolytic bond cleavage
In organic chemistry during the reactions we get more than one product
Redical mechanisms give mixture of products as well

20. Reaction mechanism 2. Radical mechanism Radical chain reaction
2 ways for spliting chemical bonds:
Unequal spliting of the bond – heterolytic cleavage
the result is ions
2. Equal spliting – homolytic cleavage
the result is radicals