1. Tracheophyte Evolution

2. Origin Big split between Lycophyte lineage and Euphyllophytes Euphyllophytes have megaphylls, pseudomonopodial growth

3. Next Big Split Monilophytes (ferns and fern allies, including horsetails) and Lignophytes Monilophytes: Multiflagellate sperm; reproduction by spores; many functional megaspores; stellar anatomy; chloroplast inversion.

4. Lignophytes Progymnosperms, Seed Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Flowering plants Secondary xylem and phloem, cambial ring; heterospory.

5. Seed plants 1 functional megaspore; integument around megasporangium; seeds; pollen grains. Radiation (= who knows order) into Genophytes, Conifers, Ginkgo, cycads and ANGIOSPERMS

6. Angiosperms Seeds in carpels; stigmatic surface; megagametophyte of 8 nuclei; double fertilization Closest ancestor – shifting ideas

7. Basal Angiosperm Evolution Vessels after Amborella Diploid endosperm Carpels sealed by secretion

8. And then …. Postgenital fusion of carpel epidermes Carpel primordium is U-shaped Radiation – Magnoliids, ?? Monocots, Eudicots

9. Monocots Scattered vascular bundles; no vascular cambium; leaf blade from base of primordium; one cotyledon About half the monocots are orchids (19,500) or grasses (10,000)

10. Poales

11. Monocots