1. THE WORKING CELL

2. THE WORKING CELL WHAT IS WORK? WHAT IS ENERGY? HUH??
ANYTHING THAT REQUIRES ENERGY
WHAT IS ENERGY?
THE ABILITY TO DO WORK
HUH??
WORK IS REALLY DEFINED AS???

3. THE WORKING CELL ENERGY TWO TYPES KINETIC VS POTENTIAL
CHEMICAL ENERGY?
THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF MOLECULES

4. THE WORKING CELL UNDERSTANDING ENERGY HELPS US UNDERSTAND WORK
ENERGY IS GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS THAT OCCUR IN COLLECTIONS OF MATTER

5. THE WORKING CELL THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT; ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED OR DESTROYED, ONLY CHANGE FORMS
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ALL REACTIONS INCREASE ENTROPY!!

6. THE WORKING CELL CHEMICAL REACTIONS EITHER STORE OR RELEASE ENERGY
TWO TYPES
EXERGONIC
ENDERGONIC
CELLULAR METABOLISM??

7. THE WORKING CELL ATP SHUTTLES ENERGY WITHIN THE CELL WHAT IS ATP??
3 PHOSPHATES + RIBOSE + ADENINE (N.B.)

8. THE WORKING CELL
HYDROLYZING ATP RELEASES ENERGY

9. THE WORKING CELL
PHOSPHORYLATION
HELPS RECYCLE ATP!!!

10. THE WORKING CELL ENZYMES HELP CELL’S TO DO WORK
ALL REACTIONS REQUIRE SOME AMOUNT OF ENERGY TO GET STARTED
EVEN A BOULDER AT THE TOP OF A MOUNTAIN WON’T JUST ROLL DOWN THE HILL WITHOUT AN INITIAL PUSH!!!!!
ENZYMES WORK BY LOWERING THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NECESSARY TO START A REACTION
ACTIVATION ENERGY!!

11. THE WORKING CELL WHAT ARE ENZYMES? CHEMICAL CATALYSTS!!
ENZYME VS SUBSTRATE VS ACTIVE SITE??
INDUCED FIT VS LOCK AND KEY MODELS??
ENZYME NAMES??

12. THE WORKING CELL WHAT CLASS OF ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE ENZYMES??
WHAT CONTROLS THEIR FUNCTION?
WHAT CAN ALTER THEIR SHAPE?
DENATURATION?? PH
TEMPERATURE
SALT CONCENTRATION
CO-FACTORS
COENZYMES (VITAMINS)

13. THE WORKING CELL ENZYME FUNCTION CAN BE BLOCKED BY INHIBITORS
INHIBITOR  DEFINITION??
TWO TYPES
COMPETITIVE
NON-COMPETITIVE

14. THE WORKING CELL WHY WOULD YOUR CELL WANT TO INHIBIT ENZYME ACTION?
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IS A TYPE OF INHIBITION
WE USE INHIBITORS TO CREATE PESTICIDES AND ANTIBIOTICS

15. THE WORKING CELL MEMBRANES ORGANIZE THE CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES OF CELLS
DEFINITION?
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

16. THE WORKING CELL

17. THE WORKING CELL MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS FORM A BILAYER
WHY ARE PHOSPHOLIPIDS GREAT AS BARRIERS?
HOW DO SUBSTANCES GET THROUGH THE BARRIER?
NON-POLAR SUBSTANCES
POLAR SUBSTANCES

18. THE WORKING CELL
MEMBRANES ARE A MOSAIC OF FUNCTION

19. THE WORKING CELL FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
MOST COMMON DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE
WHY FLUID?
BENT TAILS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
WHY MOSAIC?

20. THE WORKING CELL

21. THE WORKING CELL
PROTEINS ARE WHAT MAKE THE MEMBRANE A MOSAIC OF FUNCTION
ATTACH MEMBRANE TO CYTOSKELETON
ID’S CELL
FORMS JUNCTIONS BETWEEN CELLS
CHEMICAL RECEPTORS
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
HELP MOVE SUBSTANCES ACROSS THE MEMBRANE

22. THE WORKING CELL HOW DO SUBSTANCES PASS THROUGH THE MEMBRANE?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
DIFFUSION ACROSS A MEMBRANE
WHAT IS DIFFUSION??

23. THE WORKING CELL DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY!!!
REQUIRES A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

24. THE WORKING CELL WATER IS SPECIAL, SO IT GETS ITS OWN NAME!! OSMOSIS
THE PASSIVE TRANSPORT (DIFFUSION) OF WATER

25. THE WORKING CELL

26. THE WORKING CELL
PAYING ATTENTION TO THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL!!!
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC

27. THE WORKING CELL
WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLS PLACED IN THESE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS?

28. THE WORKING CELL
CELLS IN
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ISOTONIC

29. THE WORKING CELL FACILITATED DIFFUSION
A SPECIFIC TYPE OF PASSIVE TRANSPORT

30. THE WORKING CELL
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
DEFINITION??

31. THE WORKING CELL
WHAT ABOUT WHEN THE SUBSTANCE DESIRED BY THE CELL IS IN GREATER CONCENTRATION INSIDE THE CELL??
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

32. THE WORKING CELL ACTIVE TRANSPORT WHY ACTIVE?? DEFINITION??
WHERE DOES THE ENERGY TO DO THIS COME FROM?
SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP (MOST IMPORTANT EXAMPLE IN THE HUMAN BODY)

33. THE WORKING CELL WHAT ABOUT LARGE MOLECULES? ENDOCYTOSIS VS EXOCYTOSIS
DEFINTIONS??

34. THE WORKING CELL ENDOCYTOSIS EXOCYTOSIS THREE TYPES PHAGOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
RECEPTER-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS

35. THE WORKING CELL
“WAIT…MR. KRAUZ, WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM FOR THE CELL TO DO ALL THIS WORK??”
STAY SAFE, AND COME BACK TO CLASS, AND YOU JUST MAY GET TO FIND OUT!!!