1. Intelligence and Psychological Testing

2. Who Is the Most Intelligent?

3. Serena Williams
Age 22 won a record-setting three Grand Slam tennis titles in a row for an unheard-of 6 Grand Slams
Won the 2003 Wimbledon title
First woman tennis player to earn $4 million in a single year

4. Bill Gates
At age 48 he became the richest man in the US- worth $61 billion
He began writing computer programs in 8th grade
Wrote one of the first operating systems to run a computer
In his 20s he founded Microsoft

5. Kim Ung-Yong
Scored a 210 IQ on the Stanford-Binet test and made the Guinness Book of World Records
By age 3 he learned differential calculus
By age 4 he could read & write 4 languages
He received his Ph.D in physics at age 15 and then began work for NASA

6. Midori Age 3 she began playing the violin
She could memorize and flawlessly perform long and complicated pieces of classical music
By age 10 she was considered a musical prodigy and played with the NY Philharmonic Orchestra

7. So, who is more intelligence?
It depends how you define intelligence
Psychometrics- area of psych concerned with developing intelligence tests & other individual abilities (I.E- skills, beliefs, personality traits)

8. Mental Ability Tests Personality Tests
Psychological Tests
Mental Ability Tests Personality Tests
Intelligence Aptitude Achievement
Intelligence- measures general mental ability
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory: g (general intelligence) & s (specific mental abilities)
Aptitude- assess specific types of mental abilities (ex: numerical, abstract reasoning)
Achievement- knowledge of various subjects (ex: history, literature, psychology)

9. History of Intelligence Testing
Galton’s Study of Hereditary Genius (late 1800s)
Alfred Binet (1904)- 1st intelligence test
But NOT first IQ test
Mental Age
Standford-Binet Test (1916)
Revised by Lewis Terman
New scoring based on “intelligent quotient” (IQ)
IQ = MENTAL AGE x 100
Chronological AGE

10. History of Intelligence Testing (cont.)
David Wechsler’s WAIS (1939)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Less dependent on verbal ability (p. 240)
New scoring based on a normal distribution
Raw scores translated into deviation IQ scores and then into percentile scores (p.241)
Extremes (Gifted & Retarded)- 2 SDs from mean

11. Reliability-
consistency of a test (similar results upon repetition)
To determine reliability you must compute the correlation coefficient between the two sets of scores
Most IQ test range into the .90s
From .7 to 1.0 are considered acceptable reliability coefficients
Low motivation or high anxiety could drag a person’s score down

12. Validity- ability of the test to measure what it was designed to
Are IQ tests valid?
They measure the kind of intelligence that’s necessary to do well in academic work (abstract reasoning & verbal fluency)
Positive correlations have been found between IQ scores and school grades (.5-.6)
The IQ test cannot assess intelligence in a broader sense (practical problem solving, social competence, creativity, etc)

13. Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Contexual
Experimental Componential
Contexual- behaviors considered intelligent by a given culture
Experimental- relationship between experience and intelligence
Componential- types of mental processes that intelligent thought depends on (practical, analytical, & creative)

14. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
TAKE THE TEST!

15. Creativity & Intelligence
RAT Test- based on the assumption that creative people see unusual relationships between items
No correlation between creativity & intelligence
Correlation between creativity & mental disorders
General population: 15% has a mood disorder
Writers & artists: 50%
Composers: 45%

16. Hereditary v. Environment
Twin & Adoption Studies (p.245)
Heritability Ratio
Cumulative Deprivation Hypothesis
Reaction Range (p.247)
Flynn Effect: James Flynn
Average IQ scores in every industrialized country on the planet had been increasing steadily for decades.
Despite concerns about the dumbing-down of society - the failing schools, the garbage on TV, the decline of reading - the overall population was getting smarter. Our brains are getting better at problem-solving.

17. Flynn Effect
Intelligence test performance has been rising

18. Cultural Differences in IQ
Jensen’s Heritability Explanation & the controversial “Bell Curve”
Stereotype Vulnerability
Cultural Bias on IQ Tests (take the cultural bias test)

19. Wechsler intelligence score
Ninety-five percent
of all people fall
within 30 points
of 100
Number of scores
Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percent
of people score
within 15 points
above or below 100

20. Fluid v. Crystallized Intelligence
Involves reasoning ability, memory capacity, & speed of information processing
Crystallized
Ability to apply acquired knowledge and skills to problem solving

21. Review Questions
1) When we check to see whether a test will yield the same results over time, we are assessing its
a. reliability
b. validity
c. normality
d. objectivity
e. subjectivity

22. 2) All of the following are components of ethical testing except:
validity
reliability
objectivity
Instinct
item analysis

23. 3) One of Binet’s great ideas was that of mental age, which was defined as:
The average age at which people achieve a particular score on an intelligence test
An individual’s biological age plus the score he or she achieves on a mental test
An individual’s level of emotional maturity, as judged by the examiner
The vaiability in scores seen when an individual is tested repeatedly.
A means of measuring performance on a test against a specific learning goal.

24. 4) You have tested a 12-year-old child and found that she has a mental age of 15. Using the original IQ formula, what is her IQ?: 50 75
100
115
125

25. 5) If intelligence is a normally distributed characteristic, then you would expect to find it
to be different abilities in different people
To be spread throughout the population, but with most people clustered near the middle of the range
To a significant degree only in people whose IQ scores are above 100
To be determined entirely by hereditary factors
To be determined entirely by environmental factors.