1. CONJUNCTIVE WATER USE AS A SOLUTION TO SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN LAKE CHAD BASIN, AFRICA by Solomon A. Isiorho, Indiana University - Purdue University Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA J. A. Oguntola and A. Olojoba Lake Chad Basin Commission, N’Djamena, Chad Republic

2. Aim Examine water use in semi-arid region in developing nations Water water water r

3. Talk Outline Introduction Limiting Factors Importance of Lake Chad Current/ongoing studies Possible Solutions Conclusions

4. Introduction

5. L.ake Chad Basin

6. Study Area

7. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change

8. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts

9. Limiting Factor: Drought

10. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts Population

11. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts Population Conflicts

12. Limiting Factors: Conflicts Changing Shorelines Flux in Boundary demarcation Water rights

13. Limiting Factors: Conflicts Changing Shorelines Flux in Boundary demarcation Water rights

14. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts Population Conflicts None involvement of Stakeholders

15. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts Population Conflicts None involvement of Stakeholders Pollution

16. Limiting Factors Global Climate Change Droughts Population Conflicts None involvement of Stakeholders Pollution Education

17. Importance of Lake Chad Political Boundary Provides Protein (Fish)

18. Importance of Lake Chad Political Boundary Provides Protein (Fish) Provides jobs Provides water

19. Importance of Lake Chad Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo appeals to the UN Development Programme and other international agencies for help in reversing the gradual recession and degradation of Lake Chad, once the world's sixth largest, "Your vision for the people of the Lake Chad basin must have at its core the security and well-being of the suffering masses as well as the unity of the member-nations," In Abuja at the opening of the 47th session of the Lake Chad Basin Commission Copyright (c) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2000-0003bA-00 (Wednesday 8 March)

20. Current/ongoing studies Field-based Studies

21. Hydrogeology –Wells –Geophysical method

22. Results/Discussions Hydrogeology

23. Results/Discussions Hydrogeology

24. Field-based Studies Hydrogeology –Wells –Geophysical method Remote Sensing/GIS –Shoreline monitoring –Lineaments –Inventory

25. Results/Discussions Remote Sensing

26. Results/Discussions Remote Sensing

28. Results/Discussions Remote Sensing

29. Chari Hydrograph at N’Djamena Years Max. Levels Max. discharge Total Annual »(cm) (cm3/s) 10 9m3 1983/84525191216.54 1984/85302779 6.72 1985/86565216016.81 1986/87501177015.17 1987/884161310 9.56 1988/89756346028.34 1989/90489170015.75 1990/91411129011.48 ___________________________________________________ Flood peaks and flow volume of Chari River at N'Djamena (Irivboje, 1991)

30. “As a result of persistent drought since the 1960s, the lake has shrunk to one-tenth of its size.” Copyright (c) UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 2000-0003bA-00 (Wednesday 8 March)

31. Field-based Studies Hydrogeology –Wells –Geophysical method Remote Sensing/GIS –Shoreline monitoring –Lineaments –Inventory Water quality

32. Results/Discussions Water Chemistry

33. Possible Solution(s) Management strategy –interpretation and dissemination of information –eliminate water wasting projects –involve stakeholders –conjunctive surface & ground water use

34. Possible Solution(s) Role of Lake Chad Basin Commission –coordinate data collection/management Members states of the commission, formed in 1964 to ensure optimal use of the lake basin's water resources, are Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. The commission is also supposed to coordinate the planning and implementation of all regional projects of the lake basin, review complaints and help settle disputes.

35. Conclusions Sustainable economic development possible Hydrology –Conjunctive use of surface and ground water Stakeholders –Involvement Education –A two-way process

36. Conclusions