1. Research Career Mentoring in Communication Sciences & Disorders During a Period of Species Endangerment Christopher A. Moore, Ph.D. Professor and Chair University of Washington

2. Fresno Kangaroo Rat Manatee Galapagos Tortoise Indian Tiger Least Tern Kimodo Dragon Consideration of CSD Mentoring & Training Using an Endangered Species Model Western Lowland Gorilla Horned Puffin

3. Threats Can Present Opportunities There are administrative opportunities to create a research-centric program - including doctoral research training There are comparatively few programs providing sustainable academic research training in CSD. The opportunities for new or rising CSD programs are relatively rich compared to more densely populated disciplines (e.g., chemistry). An investment of 14 faculty positions can anchor a new program. Students, demand for graduates, and career paths are all in place. NIDCD support is unparalleled.

4. Identification of a Species as Endangered For most species, the problems and solutions are complex interactions of multiple factors. Recruitment Retention Training Propagation Nurturing Survival

5. Identification of a Species as Endangered Propagation rate is exceeded by mortality Annual shortfall of new PhDs in CSD is about 100 with respect to faculty openings. Even assuming that all new PhDs go into academic research, the shortfall is dire.

6. Identification of a Species as Endangered Numbers alone will not perpetuate the discipline. The propagation of CSD as a discipline depends on a healthy population of academic researchers. Distinct from master clinicians or accomplished teachers, these researchers provide the foundation for new knowledge in treatment and advanced instruction. Whos tending the pipeline?

7. Identification of a Species as Endangered The less-quantifiable, far more insidious threat – degradation of research training Responding to increasing need, faculty are increasingly hired with lower levels of research training experience (post-docs are rare in CDS) Teaching loads rise with shortages, reducing time allocated to research training Its not too late for junior faculty. Formalized continued mentorship (local or external) Formalized expectations, including continued training, as needed

8. Optimizing Habitat How can academic research programs improve the recruitment, retention, and training of our successors? Make pigs sing; annoy pigs We know of many other strategies that arent working, and some that help individuals, but not the discipline or dept. Can you Should you Why would you want to: provide administrative guidan$e, vi$ion, and mu$cle to make strategic (i.e., lab group) hires to create effective research habitat.

9. Incubation by Acculturation Inevitably raises self-expectations; establishes a model of performance and protocol Reduces organizational demand on individuals Provides redundancy in identifying areas of training importance, thereby reducing gaps Establishes a long-term community

10. Incubating Future Research Faculty 1.Explicit attention to research training as the primary objective for those seeking the research doctorate 2.Exploiting all available resources to enhance research training 3.Removing threats, barriers, and distracters from research training.

11. Training Elements Culture Mentoring Curriculum Funding

12. Specific Training Elements Culture Creating a more general culture of expectation Joining with established research groups Promoting participation in the larger culture (e.g., presentations at scientific meetings specific to the students research area

13. Specific Training Elements Mentoring Use a Strong Mentoring Model Include students in mentors work e.g., manuscript review, human subjects approvals, purchasing, analysis) Build toward solid, early independence (its unlikely theres a post-doc in his/her future). Create expectations that build toward career goals at a high level (e.g., scientific presentations, journal publications, grantwriting, technical skills) Within each research group, stay product-focused

14. Specific Training Elements Curriculum Departmental core-discipline curriculum e.g., speech acoustics, speech physiology, bioacoustics, psychoacoustics, spoken language production, speech perception, speech, language, and hearing development Research forum as an incubator Grant writing (e.g., require an F31 app) Lab rotations have advantages and disadvantages

15. Specific Training Elements Grants Training Grants (T32 or F31) and Research Grants (e.g., R01, R15, R21) Enforce a common research focus within a research group

16. Specific Training Elements Grants NIH 20-year survey of research training: Institutional training Individual training awards Research assistantships

17. Specific Training Elements Grants Matching educational goals with research support e.g., using doctoral students as clinic supervisors only when their research area or career focus includes supervision.

18. Threats

19. Specific Threats High teaching and supervisory expectations Reduced research exposure Part-time enrollment denies the student the opportunities afforded by a cohort. Overprotection

20. Specific Threats Cultural Insufficiency Science in a vacuum A viable cohort is essential Abandoning the basic sciences Ever-increasing M.S. certification requirements Clinical doctorate (AuD, SLPD) Diverting basic research support and students into advanced clinical training

21. Possible Actions When a Cohort is Too Small to ThriveToo Small Merging with healthy populations Cross-breeding to take advantage of established disciplines strong traditions, habitats, and cultures of research rigor With other departments Across universities Capitalizing on the strengths of other species (e.g., psychology, physiology, neuroscience)

22. How small is too small? Too small to provide a sense of community Too small to justify the resources (attention, teaching load, space) necessary to provide the community Doctoral students are too rare to yield a regular pattern Too small to offer doctoral-level coursework; overly reliant on independent study.

23. Training Pitfalls Programmatic Still-growing programs No generation is expendable Building research programs that rely too heavily on hired (i.e., non-student) researchers. Future mentors without adequate research training

24. Strategies Getting by Ramping up Building a Whole Department

25. Alternatives Raphus cucullatus ( - 1681)

26. camoore@u.washington.edu