1. Objective: You will be able to draw the early stages of development.
Do Now:
Read “Fertilization” on p. 1016
Define fertilization
Define Zygote

3. Fertilization
Meiosis creates sex cells with a monoploid number of chromosomes
When a sperm and an egg unite it restores the diploid number of chromosomes
The new cell that is formed is called a zygote

4. Egg Cell
Sperm Cell n n
Fertilization 2n
Zygote

5. Cleavage
The first few divisions after fertilization are called cleavage
Is the cell division done by mitosis or meiosis?
Cleavage ends up creating a hollow ball of cells called the blastula

6. Figure 47.6x Sea urchin development, from single cell to larva

7. Figure Human embryo

8. Figure 46.18 Human fetal development

9. Activity
We will be viewing the stages of cleavage in an animal under the microscope.
Begin viewing the slide under the microscope
You will need to find the following stages:
-Zygote -Two cell -Four cell
-morula -blastula -gastrula
For each stage draw what you see in your notebook

10. Objective: You will be able to identify and give the function of the parts of an egg.

11. Fertilization
External fertilization is when the egg and sperm unite outside the female
Ex. Fish and frogs
Internal fertilization is when the egg and sperm unite inside the female
Ex. Reptiles, birds and mammals

12. Development
All animals need to grow in water otherwise they will dry out
External fertilization happens in the water
Mammals have water environment inside the female
Reptiles and birds have internal fertilization but lay eggs
The egg contains the watery environemnt

13. What came first the chicken or the egg?

16. Egg parts Amnion- Fluid filled and surrounds the embryo
Allantois- Stores the waste produced by the embryo
Yolk Sac- Stores nutrient-rich food
Chorion- Regulates O2 going to embryo and CO2 leaving embryo

17. Figure 39–12 The Male Reproductive System
Section 39-3

18. Figure 46.8 Reproductive anatomy of the human male (continued)

19. Figure 39–14 The Female Reproductive System
Section 39-3

20. Figure 46.9 Reproductive anatomy of the human female (continued)

21. Figure 46.16 Formation of the zygote and early postfertilization events

23. Menstrual Cycle Occurs in women at the onset of puberty
Refers to the cycle in which an egg is released and the uterus is prepared for pregnancy

24. Figure 46.13b Oogenesis

25. Concepts Involves three glands: Involves many hormones including:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Ovaries
Involves many hormones including:
Releasing hormone
FSH and LH
Estrogen

26. The phases
Follicular phase- Involves the thickening of the uterus by estrogen
Makes egg grow in follicle
Ovulation- Is the release of the egg from the ovary
Caused by LH
Luteal phase- Is the creation of the corpus luteum which will maintain the pregnancy
Menstruation- Shedding of the uterus if pregnancy does not occur

27. Sex Hormones Testosterone Estrogen
Cause the male secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
Cause the female secondary sex characteristics

28. Figure 38.2 Review of an idealized flower
Pistil

29. Objective: You will be able to identify and give the function of the parts of a flower.
Do Now:
Read pages 612 and 613
For each part of the flower, write its function
This will take you a few minutes

30. Male parts Male part is called the stamen
The stamen consist of the anther and filament
Anther
Carries out meiosis to make pollen
Sperm cells are inside the pollen
Filament
Holds the anther into the air

31. Female parts Female part is called the pistil
The pistil is made of the stigma, style and ovary
Stigma is sticky to capture the pollen
Style is a passageway to the ovary
Ovary
Carries out meiosis to make eggs
The eggs are found within ovules

32. Objective: You will be able to describe the events of pollination and fertilization.
Do Now:
Read page 616
What two things form from fertilization?

33. Figure 38.5 Pollen grains have tough, ornate, and distinctive walls

34. Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of the pollen from the anther to the stigma
If the pollen lands on a flower on the SAME plant it is called self-pollination
If it lands on a different individual then it is called cross-pollination
Pollinators are used to move the pollen

35. Figure 38.3d1 Pollination modes

36. Figure 38.1 Simplified overview of angiosperm life cycle

37. Fertilization Fertilization occurs within the ovule
There are actually two sperm cells
The first will fertilize the egg and form a zygote
This zygote will undergo cleavage to from an embryo

38. Fertilization
The second sperm will fertilize a 2n cell and form a 3n cell called the endosperm
The endosperm is the food source for the embryo
This concept of two fertilizations is called double fertilization
It is unique to flowering plants.

39. After Fertilization The ovule itself will harden and become a seed
The ovary itself will change and become a fruit
The fruit is used for seed dispersal

40. Figure 38.12 Development of a pea fruit (pod)

41. Objective: You will be able to identify and describe the parts of a seed.
Do Now:
Read page 618
Give examples of fruits that everyone thinks are vegetables.

42. Figure Seed structure

43. Seed Structure The embryo consists of the hypocotyl and the epicotyl
Hypocotyl becomes the root
Epicotyl becomes the leaves and upper part of stem
Cotyledon is used as a food source
The seed coat protects the seed

44. Seed germination
Once proper conditions are met, the seed will start to germinate.
Seed germination depends on water, oxygen and temperature
Why not light?