1. Žiga TurkŽiga Turk, Assoc.Prof. ziga.turk@uni-lj.si ziga.turk@uni-lj.si University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering Istambul Technical University MBA in Construction Informatics in Construction Management CMIT 558: Information Systems for Construction Management The modelling method

2. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics When we mean to build, We first survey the plot, then draw the model, And when we see the figure of the house, Then must we rate the cost of the erection, Which if we find outweighs ability, What do we do then but redraw anew the model In fewer offices, or at least desist To build at all? William Shakespeare, King Henry IV Part 2

3. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics CMIT 558 Map software engineering analysis and design development use management visions, strategies, requirements product modelling process modelling client-server technology Web technologies, Java, XML thesauri classification systems construction as a new economy IT strategies limits of technology computer integrated construction distance working product databases document management information retrieval modelling method new ways of working

4. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Learning objective modelling is a key step in creating IT support for a real world problem modelling is a key step in creating IT support for a real world problem required by all levers of managers and software engineers required by all levers of managers and software engineers essential activity in human problem solving essential activity in human problem solving

5. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Contents Definitions Definitions Evolution of modelling in construction Evolution of modelling in construction Foundations of modelling Foundations of modelling Modelling formalisms and tools Modelling formalisms and tools Modelling methods Modelling methods

6. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Literature Books: Books:  Eastman, C.M. (1999). Building Product Models, CRC press, ISBN 0-8493-0259-5.  Sowa, J.F. (2000). Knowledge representation, Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-94965-7.  Sowa, J.F. (1984). Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine, Addison Wesley, ISBN  Pressman. Papers: Papers:  Turk, AI in Engineering.

7. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Definitions model: model:  reproduction of something [m-w]m-w  perfect: deserving to be imitating modelling: a process during which models are created modelling: a process during which models are created modeller: a person who is modelling modeller: a person who is modelling examples: examples:  model railroads, model buildings, finite elements models

8. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Evolution of modelling in construction construction is about big 3D objects construction is about big 3D objects communication is essential communication is essential communication through drawings communication through drawings contributors: contributors:  Brunelleschi, 15th century, scaled drawings  Monge, 18th century, projections exchange of drawings: vital information “technology”! exchange of drawings: vital information “technology”! drawing is also a model drawing is also a model

9. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Drawing with computers Sutherland, 1963, sketchpad. Sutherland, 1963, sketchpad. PCs, 1980s, AutoCAD PCs, 1980s, AutoCAD several kinds of drawing programs several kinds of drawing programs the difference is in the elements of which a drawing is composed the difference is in the elements of which a drawing is composed

10. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Kinds of drawing applications paint or photo programs paint or photo programs draw or illustration programs draw or illustration programs CAD programs CAD programs  2D drafting  3D geometric design  3D professional design  4D design and planning

11. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Paint or photo programs entity a pixel entity a pixel space is raster, bitmap space is raster, bitmap PhotoShop, PaintShop Pro PhotoShop, PaintShop Pro

12. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Draw or illustration programs entity is a 2D geometric element, usually with several formatting attributes (colour, thickness, pattern...) entity is a 2D geometric element, usually with several formatting attributes (colour, thickness, pattern...) space is 2D paper space space is 2D paper space precise, scaled drawing not possible precise, scaled drawing not possible PowerPoint, Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator PowerPoint, Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator

13. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics CAD programs CAD=computer aided drafting/design CAD=computer aided drafting/design entity is a 2,3 or 4D geometric element entity is a 2,3 or 4D geometric element 2D, 3D or 4D model space 2D, 3D or 4D model space few formatting attributes few formatting attributes support for precise positioning support for precise positioning scale and measure scale and measure AutoCAD, ArchiCAD AutoCAD, ArchiCAD

14. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics CAD Drafting applications 2D entities to be placed into 2D drawing plane.One “model” one drawing 2D entities to be placed into 2D drawing plane.One “model” one drawing AutoSketch AutoSketch

15. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics CAD: Geometric Design applications 3D geometric entities (cube, cylinder) placed into 3D spalce. One 3D model, several projections possible 3D geometric entities (cube, cylinder) placed into 3D spalce. One 3D model, several projections possible AutoCAD AutoCAD

16. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics CAD: Specialised Design Applications 3D product entities (beam, column, wall) placed into 3D space. One model, several projections. 3D product entities (beam, column, wall) placed into 3D space. One model, several projections. Uses beyond drawing production Uses beyond drawing production Architectural Desktop, AcadBAU, ArchiCAD... Architectural Desktop, AcadBAU, ArchiCAD...

17. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics CAD: Specialised Design and Planning Applications 3D + time = 4D entities placed in 3D space with construction planning data included 3D + time = 4D entities placed in 3D space with construction planning data included research work in Stanford and Strathclyde research work in Stanford and Strathclyde

18. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Lessons about drawings by the early 1980s geometric information should be standardised in order to be exchanged geometric information should be standardised in order to be exchanged  search for standard formats to encode geometry (DXF, IGES...) geometric information is important but not enough geometric information is important but not enough  e.g. material properties, weights, E modulus, cost, schedule, supplier, conreactor etc.etc.etc. huge interest in modelling since mid 1980s huge interest in modelling since mid 1980s

19. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Model vs. drawing or 3D model drawing or a 3D model are a kind of “abstraction of reality” drawing or a 3D model are a kind of “abstraction of reality” drawing is special one, dealing with shape and looks only drawing is special one, dealing with shape and looks only modelling should be much more generic modelling should be much more generic

20. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics SYMBOL OBJECT CONCEPT B-E-A-M Philosophical foundations of modelling how we understand the world around us how we understand the world around us the meaning triangle the meaning triangle Aristotle Aristotle  things  words  experiences in the psyche Ogden and Richards: Ogden and Richards:  object  symbol  concept

21. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Meaning triangle: Object The object is any entity from some real or imagined world about which an idea is held. for example the beam in the Nada Ward Museum of Modern Art in Kobe damaged by an earthquake The object is any entity from some real or imagined world about which an idea is held. for example the beam in the Nada Ward Museum of Modern Art in Kobe damaged by an earthquake SYMBOL OBJECT CONCEPT B-E-A-M

22. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Meaning triangle: Symbol The symbol is an auditory, visual, or other form of utterance that is taken to stand for the object when communicated as part of a language The symbol is an auditory, visual, or other form of utterance that is taken to stand for the object when communicated as part of a language SYMBOL OBJECT CONCEPT B-E-A-M

23. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Meaning triangle: Concept The concept is the idea or thought of the object as held in the mind of a person, for example a structural concept of a beam. as illustrated. The concept is the idea or thought of the object as held in the mind of a person, for example a structural concept of a beam. as illustrated. SYMBOL OBJECT CONCEPT B-E-A-M

24. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Mind and machine humans are intelligent, because they and computers handle symbols. It has been suggested that intelligent systems achieve their intelligence by manipulating symbols of real world objects. Humans do it by manipulating "experiences in the psyche", concepts or "mind models". Computers could manipulate symbolic representations of the models. Therefore, computers could achieve intelligence, just as humans do, if only the models and the manipulation rules could be complex enough.humans are intelligent, because they and computers handle symbols.

25. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Mental models when we think, we create a model of the messy real world situation when we think, we create a model of the messy real world situation we manipulate the model we manipulate the model we solve a problem we solve a problem models can be represented as semantic networks models can be represented as semantic networks

26. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Semantic networks nodes: concepts nodes: concepts arches: relations between concepts arches: relations between concepts example: example: PS: similar to hypertext networks! PS: similar to hypertext networks! wall doorwindow opening white has is-anis strength reduces is-an

27. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Reuse of semantic networks frames [Minsky] frames [Minsky] semantic networks are not built from scratch each time semantic networks are not built from scratch each time a library of such partly populated networks is stored a library of such partly populated networks is stored a closely matching one is selected and adapted to current problem a closely matching one is selected and adapted to current problem such an “empty” network is a frame such an “empty” network is a frame frames are a popular concept in knowledge representation and AI frames are a popular concept in knowledge representation and AI wall doorwindow opening white has is-anis strength reduces is-an

28. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Moving semantic networks into a computer repetition, reuse, frames or similar repetition, reuse, frames or similar computer program should be good at helping in several situations computer program should be good at helping in several situations instances instances  1:1 mapping to real world problem  “this wall in this room” generic concepts generic concepts  one generic concept corresponds to several real world items  “walls in general”

29. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Model life cycle create create  observe real world  create database schema  implement database and software use use  observe real world  map unique situation into into database schema  fill database with data  manipulate, analyse, synthesise model

30. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics REAL WORLD Universe of Discourse (scope) Domain of interest CONCEPTUAL MODEL (product data model): Formal, implementation independent description of the representation of the information requirements within the scope. IMPLEMENTATION: Definition of the data structures (physical model), and application functionality, using a specific programming paradigm for representing and management of data conforming to the conceptual model. DATABASE CONTENT (product model): Specific instances of entities of the conceptual model represented with data values of their properties. UoD TheWorld SQL : CREATE TABLE person ( id STRING NOT NULL, fname STRING, lname STRING, PRIMARY KEY (id) ); OOP : class person { char *id; char *fname; char *lname; }; OODBMSRDBMS Information modelling using a modelling language Implement- ation Popul- ation Usage Life Cycle Illustration

31. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Layers of models real world real world conceptualisation conceptualisation semantic networks semantic networks...... schema model schema model data model data model houseroof window door wall

32. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Modelling formalisms and tools method method language language resources, references resources, references tools tools  modelling tool  development/implementation

33. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Modelling method break into pieces break into pieces reconstruct the whole reconstruct the whole method: method:  how to break up  how to put together

34. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Modelling language language in which models are described language in which models are described formal language - a language that has a well defined form formal language - a language that has a well defined form provides a symbolic notation for the concepts being modelled provides a symbolic notation for the concepts being modelled computer parseable computer parseable based on mathematical logic based on mathematical logic textual of graphical textual of graphical

35. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Modelling language (cont) different languages for different model layers different languages for different model layers different languages for different kinds of models different languages for different kinds of models  models of products  models of processes examples: examples:  EXPRESS, NIAM, IDEF0, XML...  UML, ER diagrams …

36. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Modelling resources building blocks building blocks relations between them relations between them both both they further restrict the perspective on the world they further restrict the perspective on the world

37. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Resource building blocks subatomic subatomic  number, string of text... atomic atomic  entity, object, attribute, type...  relations, relation types, abstractions molecular molecular  reference models  resource models  geometric objects, business objects...

38. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Generic relations: Abstractions to abstract - to take away to abstract - to take away specialisation:generalisation specialisation:generalisation  A is-of-type B  wall is-of-type structural element composition:decomposition composition:decomposition  A has-parts B,C,D  wall has-parts mortar-brick-insulation characterisation characterisation  A has-characteristics B,C,D  wall has-attribute thickness, weight...

39. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics High level resources: reference models further narrow down how we may think of the world further narrow down how we may think of the world e.g. the world is made of functional units which are implemented with a technical solution e.g. the world is made of functional units which are implemented with a technical solution or: everything has a form, a function, and a behaviour. or: everything has a form, a function, and a behaviour. also called reference models also called reference models

40. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Modelling tools computer program that allows for modelling computer program that allows for modelling kinds: kinds:  conceptual modelling  schema modelling  difference unclear

41. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Implementation tool generates database application based on schema generates database application based on schema creates SQL statements based on schema creates SQL statements based on schema creates full application creates full application 4th Generation Languages and Tools 4th Generation Languages and Tools

42. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Summary to deal with complex situations, we simplify them into models to deal with complex situations, we simplify them into models models have many parts which are related to each other models have many parts which are related to each other parts should be organised in such a way, that the model can be observed at different levels of abstraction =~ simplification parts should be organised in such a way, that the model can be observed at different levels of abstraction =~ simplification kinds of abstraction: kinds of abstraction:  type-of  part-of  characteristic real world > model > schema model > data model real world > model > schema model > data model method, language, resources, tools help us but narrow down the kinds of models we can make method, language, resources, tools help us but narrow down the kinds of models we can make

43. Univ. of Ljubljana, FGG, Chair of Construction Informatics Credits scanned some drawings from [sowa]. scanned some drawings from [sowa].