1. ß Thalassemia: an Overview by Abdullatif Husseini

2. What is thalassemia?
Thalassemia is a group of inherited disorders of hemoglobin synthesis characterized by a reduced or absent output of one or more of the globin chains of adult hemoglobin .
The name is derived from the Greek words Thalasso = Sea" and "Hemia = Blood" in reference to anemia of the sea.

3. Alpha ( ) thalassemia
It appears when a person does not produce enough alpha chains for hemoglobin.
It is mainly prevalent in the Africa, the Middle East , India, and occasionally in Mediterranean region countries.

4. Beta (ß) thalassemia
It appears when a person does not produce enough beta chains for hemoglobin.
It is mainly prevalent in the Mediterranean region countries , such as Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Palestine and Lebanon.

5. Types of Thalassemia
 thalassemia: There are four types categorized according to the severity of their effects on persons with thalassemia.
ß thalassemia: There are 3 types categorized according to severity:
Thalassemia minor
Thalassemia intermedia
Thalassemia major

6. Genetics of ß thalassemia
Monogenic disorder: a single gene disorder
ß thalassemia result from over 150 mutations of the ß globin genes that result in the absence or a reduction of the ß globin chains
Genetics of ß thalassemia

7. Chromosomes
Source: Thalassemia.com

8. Transmission of ß thalassemia
If a carrier (thalassemia minor) marries a non-carrier, on average half of their children will be carriers, but none will develop thalassemia major.

9. Transmission ß of thalassemia- Cont
However if two carriers marry, in each pregnancy there is a 25% chance of a non-carrier child, a 50% chance of a carrier child (thalassemia minor), and a 25% chance of a child with thalassemia major.

10. An example of inheritance: a carrier married to a normal person
Source: Emirates Thalassemia Society

11. An example of inheritance- Cont: marriage between two carriers
Source: Emirates Thalassemia Society

12. Types of ß thalassemia Thalassemia Minor (Trait).
This can also be called (carrier state), meaning that the person carries the genetic trait for thalassemia.
Such people usually practice normal life, but may suffer from a mild form of anemia.

13. Types of ß thalassemia- Cont
Thalassemia Intermedia.
Caused by the reduced availability of beta chains in hemoglobin and can lead to moderate to severe anemia and an array of complications including bone deformities and splenomegaly.

14. Types of ß thalassemia- Cont
Thalassemia Major (Cooley's Anemia).
Caused by the unavailability of beta chains in hemoglobin leading to a very severe and fatal if left untreated anemia.
It requires regular blood transfusions leading to iron-overload which is treated with chelation therapy to prevent death from organ failure.

15. ß thalassemia and malaria
Thalassemic RBCs offers protection against severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
The effect is associated with reduced parasite multiplication within RBCs.
Among the contributing factors may be the variable persistence of hemoglobin F, which is relatively resistant to digestion by malarial hemoglobinases.

16. Signs and symptoms Thalassemia carriers (trait):
Usually no signs or symptoms are apparent, except for a mild anemia.
Carriers are usually initially detected through screening, or when performing routine CBC (complete blood count). Later it can be confirmed using hemoglobin electrophoresis.

17. Signs and symptoms- Cont
Thalassemia major:
Signs such as paleness and growth retardation, are readily detectable since the first year of life. Those are mainly due to severe anemia. Later bone deformities and hepato-splenomegaly develops.

18. Laboratory diagnosis Thalassemia minor:
-Blood smear shows hypochromia and microcytosis (similar to Iron Deficiency Anemia).
-Blood indices: MCV< 75 fl, Hb usually> 10, Hematocrit> 30%, RDW < 14%.
-Hemoglobin A2 often elevated > 3%, sometimes reaching 7-8%.

19. Laboratory diagnosis- Cont
Thalassemia major:
-Blood smear shows profound microcytic anemia, with extreme hypochromia, tear drop, target cells and nucleated RBCs.
-Hemoglobin may be very low at 3-4 g/dl.

20. Blood picture of a ß thalassemia major patient
                                             
Source: Cooley’s Anemia Foundation

21. Prenatal diagnosis
Early prenatal diagnosis can be done using first fetal blood sampling, and later chorion villus biopsy and direct analysis of the globin genes.
The error rate in experienced centers is now well under 1%.

22. Management and treatment
Thalassemia minor (trait) :
No need for any treatment, since the carriers are usually symptomless.
Thalassemia major:
The severe life-threatening anemia, requires regular life long blood transfusion, to compensate for damaged red blood cells.

23. Management and treatment- Cont
Thalassemia Major:
The continuous blood transfusion will eventually lead to iron overload, which must be treated with chelation therapy to avoid organ failure.

24. Source: Cooley’s Anemia Foundation

25. Management and treatment- Cont
Thalassemia Major -Continued:
Other novel treatments like bone-marrow transplantation are very costly.
New treatments includes the use of oral chelators, to replace the chelation treatment using Desferal delivered by infusion under the skin through a battery-operated pump.
Gene therapy is also an option still researched

26. Prevention efforts
Pre marital screening to make sure that the couple are not both carriers.
Provision of counseling and health education for the thalassemics, their families and the public .
Provision of prenatal testing for thalassemia.
Reduction of marriages between relatives.

27. Thalassemia and migrants
Countries with migrants coming from areas with high prevalence of thalassemia such as the Mediterranean region, should be aware of this problem.
Families with thalassemia carriers may have increased number of cases including thalassemia major due to intermarriages between relatives, especially in closed communities

28. Thalassemia and migrants -Cont
The following recommendations are advised:
1- Training physicians and medical staff on thalassemia diagnosis and treatment.
2- Provision of screening and counseling services for those exposed.
3- Provision of appropriate health care and management for thalassemia patients.

29. Thalassemia and migrants -Cont
4- Overcoming the communication problems, including language barrier through utilizing translators and nurse practitioners.
5- Community educational programs, involving community leaders and providing social support.

30. Problems commonly faced by thalassemia major patients in developing countries
Reduced availability of blood for transfusion.
Reduced availability of Desferal pumps, less than third of the patients have access to pumps.
High cost of treatment.

31. Problems commonly faced by thalassemia major patients in developing countries -Cont
Limited services that blood banks are able to give.
Unavailability of counseling services.
Lack of experience and appropriate training among the health providers to handle thalassemia cases.

32. Thalassemia Patients’ Friends Society (TPFS)- Palestine
Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement
I would Like to thank Dr. Hisham Darwish & Dr. Bashar al-Karmi from
Thalassemia Patients’ Friends Society (TPFS)- Palestine
For the valuable information they provided.
I would also like to express my sincere thanks for the Palestinian American Research Center (PARC) for providing me with a grant which allowed me to conduct research at the University of Pittsburgh, where I started preparing this lecture.