1. Review Exam 1

2. Assumptions Paradigms
Positivism
Post-Positivism
Constructivism
Critical Theory
Ontology
Epistemology
Methodology 2

3. Testable Research Question (Kerlinger & Lee, 2000)
Asks a Question
About ……
That ………… 3

4. Types of Variables Categorical
Discrete groups: gender, depressed diagnosis
Continuous Interval Scale (equal intervals)
Temperature, money, days
Continuous Ordinal
Rank ordered – Likert Scales

5. Types of Research Questions
Descriptive
Describe what a phenomenon is like: Collect/Categorize Information - Survey
Difference
Compare: Between-groups
Independent variable: categorical and
status or experimental
Correlation
Extent to which 2 or more continuous psychological constructs vary together

6. Analyses: Descriptive
Collect/Categorize Information - Survey
Means, SD
Mean score in standardized Math test by gender groups
Proportions of populations/groups
Percentage of high school graduates who attend college, by ethnic group,
Proportion of males vs. females who score above 16 in CDC Depression Scale (e.g. epidemiological studies)
Sample must be representative of population

7. Stat. Analyses: Difference Questions
Compare means in a continuous variable (DV) between two or more groups (IV) (hypothesis)
There is a rational for the comparison
Otherwise it is a descriptive study
Analysis
t-test, ANOVA (when IV has more than 2 levels – e.g. , 4 ethnic groups; 3 diagnostic levels) (we check the means and F statistic for significance)

8. Stat. Analyses: Difference Questions
Experimental- DV is categorical and manipulated
Differences in depression between CBT treatment group, IPT treatment group and wait-list group
Non-experimental- DV is categorical and status variable (not manipulated)
Differences in PTSD symptoms between students with and without childhood experiences of abuse
Descriptive Q. vs. Difference Q. --  Hypothesis

9. Difference Questions: Factorial Designs
Examine the independent and interactive effect (association) of two or more IVs on a DV
IV – Manipulated Effect vs.
Status Association
Factorial ANOVA (2X2) or (2X3) or (2x2x2) Differences in Means F statistics

10. Means in Post Test Parental Skills Scales
2X2 ANOVA with Moderation (Dep at Pre-test) DV- Post-Test Depression score IV DV
Means in Post Test Parental Skills Scales
F statistic
(parameter)
Treatment
CBT vs. IPT
Experimental or
Status IV?
Main Effect
Level of Dep. at pre-test
Treatment X Dep at Pre-test
compare means Treatment Groups for separately for high versus low pre-T Dep groups
Interaction Effect

11. Survey Design Expo-Facto Design
Document nature or frequency of a variable
Association of status variable(s) to continuous variable(s)
Descriptive:
No theoretical or logical rational needed
Provides rational for examining difference
Test Hypotheses
Probability (representative) samples required
More tolerant of convenience samples

12. Designs, Variables, Parameters
Experimental
Between Groups -- Within Groups
Post-test only --- Pre-test/post-test
Factorial Designs
Experimental or Expo- facto
Correlational
Variables:
Manipulated/Status
Categorical Continuous
Parameters
T test ANOVA: Means F statistic
Regression: Correlation , R2, R2

13. Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter
Adolescent who classified mother parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified their parents style as authoritarian. They expected no gender differences in levels of satisfaction.
Design:
IV(s) Type:
DV(s) Type:
Analyses
Stat. Parameter

14. Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial
Adolescents who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritarian. No gender differences in satisfaction expected.
Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial
IV(s): Parenting Style Type: Categorical; Status
Gender Categorical: Status
DV(s) Satisfaction Type: Continuous
Analyses: ANOVA (2X2)
Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic

15. Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial
Adolescent girls who classified mothers’ parenting style as authoritative would report higher levels of satisfaction that those who classified their mothers as authoritarian. No differences in levels of satisfaction expected for boys.
Design: Expo-Facto; Factorial
IV(s): Parenting Style Type: Categorical; Status
Gender Categorical; Status
P Style X Gender Categorical
DV(s) Satisfaction Type: Continuous
Analyses: ANOVA (2X2)
Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic

16. Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter
Researchers examined the unique and combined contribution of extent of experiences of childhood abuse, post-combat PTSD symptoms, and level of conflicts interpersonal relations (CIPR) to suicidal ideation among veterans who had been exposed to combat in active duty.
Design:
IV(s) Type:
DV(s) Type:
Analyses
Stat. Parameter

17. Design: Correlational IV(s): Ch. Abuse Type: Continuous; Status
Researchers examined the unique and combined contribution of extent of experiences of childhood abuse, post-combat PTSD symptoms, and level of conflicts interpersonal relations (CIPR) to suicidal ideation among veterans who had been exposed to combat in active duty.
Design: Correlational
IV(s): Ch. Abuse Type: Continuous; Status
PTSD S Continuous; Status
CIPR Continuous; Status
DV(s) Suicidal Id Type: Continuous
Analyses: Simultaneous Regression
Stat. Parameter: , R2

18. Design: IV(s) Type: DV(s) Type: Analyses Stat. Parameter
Researchers compared effectiveness of CBT to IPT among 20 male and 20 female veterans. They hypothesized that CBT would be more effective for males while IPT would be more effective for females.
Design:
IV(s) Type:
DV(s) Type:
Analyses
Stat. Parameter

19. Design: Experimental; Factorial (1 IV Status): Bw Groups;
Researchers compared effectiveness of CBT to IPT among 20 male and 20 female veterans. They hypothesized that CBT would be more effective for males while IPT would be more effective for females.
Design: Experimental; Factorial (1 IV Status): Bw Groups;
Pre-test/Post-test
IV(s): Treatment Type: Categorical Experimental
Gender Categorical Statutes
Treat. X Gender Categorical
DV(s) Depression Type: Continuous
Analyses: ANOVA (2X2)
Stat. Parameter: Means, F Statistic