1. Voter Turnout & Behavior AP GoPo

2. How do Americans participate in government? What are some historical events that may have impacted political participation in the U.S.? – Literacy testing – Poll taxes – Grandfather clause – White primaries – 15 th Amendment – 19 th Amendment – 26 th Amendment

3. What factors impact participation in government? Religious involvement Education Race & ethnicity Age Gender Two-party competition http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/elections/how_gro ups_voted/voted_12.html http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/elections/how_gro ups_voted/voted_12.html http://www.people-press.org/2006/10/18/who-votes- who-doesnt-and-why/ http://www.people-press.org/2006/10/18/who-votes- who-doesnt-and-why/ http://elections.gmu.edu/voter_turnout.htm

4. Nonvoting Low turnout compared to Europe – Compares registered voters to eligible adult pop. Voter apathy on Election Day – Low registration rates – Stats? Get Out the Vote Drives – Is this a solution? – Impact on those who aren’t registered

5. Nonvoting Causes of non-registration: – U.S. registration process vs. European countries where free registration is automatic http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and- campaigns/voter-id.aspx http://www.ncsl.org/research/elections-and- campaigns/voter-id.aspx Voting isn’t the only type of participation – Military service, volunteer work, etc. How do different kinds of participation affect government?

6. Nonvoting Motor-voter law of 1993 http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/nvra/ac tiv_nvra.php http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/vot/nvra/ac tiv_nvra.php Increased registration throughout the country Voter ID Laws? – http://news.yahoo.com/study-voter-id-laws-cut- turnout-blacks-young-221257715--election.html http://news.yahoo.com/study-voter-id-laws-cut- turnout-blacks-young-221257715--election.html

7. Rise of the American Electorate From state to federal control: Initially, states decided who could vote for which offices This led to wide variation in federal elections Congress has since reduced state prerogatives – 1842 law: House members elected by district – Suffrage to women – Suffrage to blacks – Suffrage to eighteen- to twenty-year-olds – Direct popular election of U.S. senators

8. Black Voting Rights Fifteenth Amendment gutted by Supreme Court as not conferring a right to vote b. Southern states then used evasive stratagems: – Literacy test – Poll tax – White primaries – Grandfather clauses – Intimidation of black voters Most of these stratagems ruled out by Supreme Court Major change with 1965 Voting Rights Act; black vote increases

9. Women’s Voting Rights Several western states permitted women to vote by 1915 Nineteenth Amendment ratified 1920 No dramatic changes in outcomes – Why??

10. Youth Vote Voting Rights Act of 1970 Twenty-sixth Amendment ratified 1971 Lower turnout; no particular party National standards now govern most aspects of voter eligibility Twenty-third Amendment ratified 1961, gave District of Columbia residents the right to vote in presidential elections

11. Voting Turnout Debate of declining percentages: two theories a. Real decline as popular interest and party competition decreases – Apparent decline, induced in part by more honest ballot counts of today Parties once printed ballots Ballots cast in public Parties controlled counting Australian ballot began to be adopted in 1910 – http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43932/ Australian-ballot http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/43932/ Australian-ballot

12. Voting Turnout Most scholars see some real decline due to several causes: Registration more difficult-longer residency; educational qualifications; discrimination Continuing drop after 1960 cannot be explained according to Wilson (American Government: Institutions & Policies) but clearly political efficacy plays a role. Watergate, Vietnam, etc...

13. Who participates in Politics? Voting the commonest form of participation Verba and Nie's Six Forms of Participation: – Inactives - People who rarely vote, do not get involved in organizations, and do not even talk much about politics. They account for about 22 percent of the population. – Voting specialists - People who vote but participate in little else politically. They tend not to have much schooling or income, and to be substantially older than the average person. – Campaigners - People who not only vote but like to get involved in campaign activities as well. The are better educated than the average voter, but what distinguishes them most is their interest in the conflicts of politics, their clear party identification, and their willingness to take strong positions.

14. Who participates in Politics? Communalists - people who tend to reserve their energies for community activities of a nonpartisan kind. Their education and income are similar to those of campaigners. Parochial participants - People who do not vote and stay out of election campaigns and civic associations, but who are willing to contact local officials about specific, often personal, problems. Complete activists - An individual, usually outside government, who actively promotes a political party, philosophy, or issue he or she cares personally about.

15. Causes of Participation Those with schooling, or political information, more likely to vote Religious affiliation? – http://www.pewforum.org/2012/11/07/how-the- faithful-voted-2012-preliminary-exit-poll-analysis/ http://www.pewforum.org/2012/11/07/how-the- faithful-voted-2012-preliminary-exit-poll-analysis/ Gender? – http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/voters/docu ments/genderdiff.pdf http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/voters/docu ments/genderdiff.pdf Race? – http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-568.pdf http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20-568.pdf

16. Level of Trust in Government Is there a correlation between trust & voting? – http://www.people-press.org/2010/04/18/distrust-discontent- anger-and-partisan-rancor/ http://www.people-press.org/2010/04/18/distrust-discontent- anger-and-partisan-rancor/ Difficulty of registering? – As turnout has declined, registration barriers have been lowered – Several small factors decrease turnout More youths, blacks, and other minorities in population, pushing down percent registered – Decreasing effectiveness of parties in mobilizing voters Remaining impediments to registration Voting compulsory in other nations Possible feeling that elections do not matter

17. Democrat & Republican Solutions? No one really knows who would be helped by increased turnout – Nonvoters tend to be poor, minority, or uneducated But an increasing percentage of college graduates are also not voting Hard to be sure that turnout efforts produce gains for either party: http://www.fairvote.org/research-and- analysis/voter-turnout/ http://www.fairvote.org/research-and- analysis/voter-turnout/ http://www.people-press.org/topics/voter- participation/ http://www.people-press.org/topics/voter- participation/

18. The meaning of participation rates Americans vote less, but participate more a. Other forms of activity becoming more common – Some forms more common here than in other countries Americans elect more officials and have more elections

19. How does the U.S. Compare? http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard- steven-friedman/voter-turnout-europe- america_b_1660271.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/howard- steven-friedman/voter-turnout-europe- america_b_1660271.html How can we improve voting/voter turnout in the U.S.? – http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/05/15/200 0621/international-voting-reforms/ http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2013/05/15/200 0621/international-voting-reforms/ Would these suggestions actually work here??

20. Key Terms & Definitions Activist: An individual, usually outside government, who actively promotes a political party, philosophy, or issue he or she cares personally about. Australian ballot: An election ballot of uniform size printed by the government and cast in secret. Campaigners: According to Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, people who not only vote but like to get involved in campaign activities as well. The are better educated than the average voter, but what distinguishes them most is their interest in the conflicts of politics, their clear party identification, and their willingness to take strong positions. Communalists: According to Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, people who tend to reserve their energies for community activities of a nonpartisan kind. Their education and income are similar to those of campaigners.

21. Key Terms & Definitions Complete activists: According to Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, people who are highly educated, have high incomes, and tend to be middle-aged rather than young or old. These people participate in all forms of politics and account for 11 percent of the population. Fifteenth Amendment: The constitutional amendment that guaranteed the right to vote regardless of race, color, or pervious condition of slavery. Grandfather clause: A state law allowing people to vote, even if they did not meet legal requirements, if an ancestor had voted before 1867. The clause was used as a vehicle to enable poor and illiterate whites to vote while excluding blacks (who had no ancestor voting prior to 1867). Such clauses were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

22. Key Terms & Definitions Inactives: According to Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, people who rarely vote, do not get involved in organizations, and do not even talk much about politics. They account for about 22 percent of the population. Literacy test: A state law requiring potential voters to demonstrate reading skills. The laws were frequently implemented in a discriminatory fashion to prevent otherwise qualified blacks from voting. These tests were suspended by the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Motor-voter Bill: A law passed by Congress in 1993 that requires states to allow people to register to vote when applying for a driver's license and to provide registration through the mail and at some state offices that serve the disabled and provide public assistance. The law took effect in 1995. Nineteenth Amendment: An amendment to the Constitution allowing women the right to vote.

23. Key Terms & Definitions Parochial participants: According to Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, people who do not vote and stay out of election campaigns and civic associations, but who are willing to contact local officials about specific, often personal, problems. Poll tax: A state tax paid prior to voting. The tax was designed to prevent blacks from voting since poor whites were usually exempted through a grandfather clause. Poll taxes have been made illegal. Registered voters: People who are eligible to vote in an election and who have signed up with the government to vote. Twenty-sixth Amendment: The 1971 constitutional amendment that lowered the voting age in both state and federal elections to eighteen. Congress had attempted to achieve this goal through legislation, but the Supreme Court ruled that the federal government had no authority to do so with respect to state elections

24. Key Terms & Definitions Twenty-third Amendment: The 1961 constitutional amendment permitting residents of Washington, D.C., to vote in presidential elections. Voting Rights Act of 1965: The federal law that suspended the use of literacy tests in elections and authorized federal examiners to order the registration of blacks in states and counties where fewer than 50 percent of the voting-age population were registered or had voted in the last presidential election. Voting-age population: The percentage of people in a country who are eligible to vote because they satisfy the minimum age requirement. Voting specialists: According to Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, people who vote but participate in little else politically. They tend not to have much schooling or income, and to be substantially older than the average person. White primary: The exclusion of blacks from voting in the primary elections of political parties. Such primaries were employed largely in the South where the Democratic party won almost all general elections. In effect, winning the Democratic primary meant winning the election. The Supreme Court voided the use of white primaries.