1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 171 Section 201

2. Alkynes

3. Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon triple bonds Acetylene is the simplest alkyne. Our study of alkynes provides nomenclature,physical properties,structure and SP- hybridization,preparation and reactions. 3

4. Alkynes. General Formula C n H 2n-2 C 2 H 2 H—C  C—H sp => linear, 180 o acetylene ethyne C 3 H 4 CH 3 C  CH methylacetylene propyne

5. NOMENCLATURE Naming Alkynes General hydrocarbon rules apply with “-yne” as a suffix indicating an alkyne. Numbering of chain with triple bond is set so that the smallest number possible include the triple bond. 5 3-Nonyne

6. nomenclature: common names: “alkylacetylene” IUPAC: parent chain = longest continuous carbon chain that contains the triple bond. alkane drop –ane add -yne prefix locant for the triple bond, etc. CH 3 CH 2 C  CCH 3 2-pentyne ethylmethylacetylene

7. “terminal” alkynes have the triple bond at the end of the chain: CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 C  CHHC  CCHCH 2 CH 3 1-butyne 3-methyl-1-pentyne ethylacetylenesec-butylacetylene

8. Substitutive nomenclature: Similar to alkenes, but with the following differences:

9. Enynes An enyne has a double bond and triple bond. Number for an Enynes starts at the multiple bond closest to the end (it does not matter wheather it is a double or triple bond) 9 1-Hepten-4-yne

10. Diyines and Triynes A compound with two triple bonds is a diyine. – A triyne has three triple bonds. Number from chain that ends nearest of triple bond. 10 1,4-Heptdiyne

11. Alkynes as Substituents Alkynes as substituents are called “alkynyl”. 11

12. Cycloalkynes The smallest cycloalkyne isolated is cyclononyne – the C-C-C bond angle about the triple bond is approximately 156°

13. Physical Properties Similar to alkanes and alkenes of comparable molecular weight and carbon skeletone.

14. physical properties: 1-Weakly or non-polar and have no H- bonding. 2-Relatively low m.p. or b.p.but they increase as the molecular weight increase. 3-Water insoluble but soluble in organic solvents. 4-Relatively acidic (have relative acidic character).

15. Acidity A major difference between the chemistry of alkynes and that of alkenes and alkanes is the acidity of the hydrogen bonded to a triply bonded carbon.

16. Acidity Acetylene reacts with sodium amide to form sodium acetylide it can also be converted to its metal salt by reaction with sodium hydride or lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)

17. Acidity Water is a stronger acid than acetylene; hydroxide ion is not a strong enough base to convert acetylene to its anion

18. Electronic Structure of Alkynes Carbon-carbon triple bond result from sp hybridized orbital on each C forming a sigma bond at 180º unhybridized 2p X and 2p y orbitals forming a 2  bond The formed C-C triple bond is shorter and stronger than single or double Breaking a  bond in acetylene (HC=CH) requires 318 kJ/mole (in ethylene it is 268 kJ/mole) 18

19. In other words, in alkynes: 1-One  - and two  - bonds form a triple bond. 2-The valence shell of the atom of carbon has one s-orbital and three p-orbitals. 3- The carbon is bonded by two  -bonds, each of two p-orbitals participates in the formation of this  - bond 4-The remaining one s-orbital and one p-orbital are equally involved in the formation of  -bonds, giving rise to the sp- hybridization state. So,the presence of sp-hybridized carbons is characteristic for alkynes.

20.  - and 2  -bonds in alkynes

22. Preparation

23. Preparation of Alkynes 1.Elimination Reactions of Dihalides or Dihydrohaloalkenes Treatment of a 1,2 dihydrohaloalkene with KOH or NaOH (strong Base) produces a two-fold elimination of HX 23

24. dehydrohalogenation of vicinal dihalides H H H | | | — C — C — + KOH  — C = C — + KX + H 2 O | | | X X X H | — C = C — + NaNH 2  — C  C — + NaX + NH 3 | X

25. Preparation of Alkynes: Vicinal Dihalides Vicinal dihalides are available from addition of bromine or chlorine to an alkene. Intermediate is a vinyl halide. 25

26. RX SN2SN2SN2SN2 X–X–X–X–:+ C–: H—C C—RH—C+ 2.Alkylation of Acetylene and Terminal Alkynes  The alkylating agent is an alkyl halide, and the reaction is nucleophilic substitution.  The nucleophile is sodium acetylide or the sodium salt of a terminal (monosubstituted) alkyne.

27. NaNH 2 NH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br (70-77%)HCCH HC CNa HC C CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Example: Alkylation of Acetylene

28. NaNH 2, NH 3 CH 3 Br CHCHCHCH (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C CNa (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C (81%) C—CH 3 (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 C Example: Alkylation of a Terminal Alkyne

29. 1. NaNH 2, NH 3 2. CH 3 CH 2 Br (81%)H—CC—H 1. NaNH 2, NH 3 2. CH 3 Br C—H CH 3 CH 2 —C C—CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 —C Example: Dialkylation of Acetylene

30. Reactions of Alkynes

31. 1. Alkyne Adition Reactions

32. a.Reactions of Alkynes: Addition of HX and X 2 Addition reactions of alkynes are similar to those of alkenes Intermediate alkene reacts further with excess reagent Regiospecificity according to Markovnikov 32

33. b.Addition of Bromine and Chlorine Initial addition gives trans intermediate. Product with excess reagent is tetrahalide. 33

34. c.Addition of HX to Alkynes Involves Vinylic Carbocations Addition of H-X to alkyne should produce a vinylic carbocation intermediate – Secondary vinyl carbocations form less readily than primary alkyl carbocations – Primary vinyl carbocations probably do not form at all 34

35. d.Hydration of Alkynes Addition of H-OH as in alkenes – Mercury (II) catalyzes Markovinikov oriented addition – Hydroboration- oxidation gives the non-Markovnikov product 35

36. e.Mercury(II)-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes Mercuric ion (as the sulfate) is a Lewis acid catalyst that promotes addition of water in Markovnikov orientation The immediate product is a vinylic alcohol, or enol, which spontaneously transforms to a ketone 36

37. Mechanism of Mercury(II)-Catalyzed Hydration of Alkynes Addition of Hg(II) to alkyne gives a vinylic cation Water adds and loses a proton A proton from aqueous acid replaces Hg(II) 37

38. Keto-enol Tautomerism Isomeric compounds that can rapidily interconvert by the movement of a proton are called tautomers and the phenomenon is called tautomerism Enols rearrange to the isomeric ketone by the rapid transfer of a proton from the hydroxyl to the alkene carbon The keto form is usually so stable compared to the enol that only the keto form can be observed 38

39. f.Hydration of Unsymmetrical Alkynes If the alkyl groups at either end of the C-C triple bond are not the same, both products can form and this is not normally useful If the triple bond is at the first carbon of the chain (then H is what is attached to one side) this is called a terminal alkyne Hydration of a terminal always gives the methyl ketone, which is useful 39

40. g.Hydroboration/Oxidation of Alkynes BH 3 (borane) adds to alkynes to give a vinylic borane Oxidation with H 2 O 2 produces an enol that converts to the ketone or aldehyde Process converts alkyne to ketone or aldehyde with orientation opposite to mercuric ion catalyzed hydration 40

41. Comparison of Hydration of Terminal Alkynes Hydroboration/oxidation converts terminal alkynes to aldehydes because addition of water is non-Markovnikov The product from the mercury(II) catalyzed hydration converts terminal alkynes to methyl ketones 41

42. 2.Reduction of Alkynes a.Addition of H 2 over a metal catalyst (such as palladium on carbon, Pd/C) converts alkynes to alkanes (complete reduction) b.The addition of the first equivalent of H 2 produces an alkene, which is more reactive than the alkyne so the alkene is not observed 42

43. c.Conversion of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes Addition of H 2 using chemically deactivated palladium on calcium carbonate as a catalyst (the Lindlar catalyst) produces a cis alkene The two hydrogens add syn (from the same side of the triple bond) 43

44. d.Conversion of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes Anhydrous ammonia (NH 3 ) is a liquid below -33 ºC – Alkali metals dissolve in liquid ammonia and function as reducing agents Alkynes are reduced to trans alkenes with sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia The reaction involves a radical anion intermediate (see Figure 8-4) 44

45. 3.Oxidative Cleavage of Alkynes Strong oxidizing reagents (O 3 or KMnO 4 ) cleave internal alkynes, producing two carboxylic acids Terminal alkynes are oxidized to a carboxylic acid and carbon dioxide Neither process is useful in modern synthesis – were used to elucidate structures because the products indicate the structure of the alkyne precursor 45

46. 4.Alkyne Acidity: Formation of Acetylide Anions Terminal alkynes are weak Brønsted acids (alkenes and alkanes are much less acidic (pK a ~ 25. See Table 8.1 for comparisons)) Reaction of strong anhydrous bases with a terminal acetylene produces an acetylide ion The sp-hydbridization at carbon holds negative charge relatively close to the positive nucleus (see figure 8-5) 46

47. Alkylation of Acetylide Anions Acetylide ions can react as nucleophiles as well as bases (see Figure 8-6 for mechanism) Reaction with a primary alkyl halide produces a hydrocarbon that contains carbons from both partners, providing a general route to larger alkynes 47