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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction Modern medicine began long ago with observations on function and malfunction of human body At first this interest was fueled by injuries and illnesses First healers relied of superstitions and magic Over time they discovered useful ways of treating and examining the body They noticed how wounds healed, effects of injuries, examined cadavers for causes of deaths Discovered herbs & potions could heal and have affects on body
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduction As techniques for making accurate records of observations knowledge expanded rapidly
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy & Physiology Difficult to separate the two Structures of body parts are so closely related to function Combination of all body parts make a well organized unit – The Human Organism Each body parts function is dependent on how it is constructed or structure. ie: hand with all small bones, tendons make it easy to grip. Heart with chambers make it a pump. Teeth shaped for cutting, chewing
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy Physiology As science has improved new things in the body are being discovered, even today Tissue regeneration T-cells Discovery of new tissues that may bridge impulses between spine and head muscles may cause headaches
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study Gross anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 14.1
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy—Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Molecules Form complex structures of: Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 3 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 4 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 5 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1, step 6 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions 1.What is the study of Anatomy? 2.What is the study of Physiology 3.How are they similar or different? 4.What are the two levels of study in Anatomy? 5.The smallest structural level in the body is made up of what? 6.What are the four basic elements in the body that are made up of complex molecules? 7.Explain the six structural levels that make up the human organism. 8.List the 5 different systems of the body along with their function.
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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems Review Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview Reproductive Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Work Using you Work Packet “The Human Body: An Orientation”, please answer questions numbered 1 – 7 on pages 1 – 6.
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions- Characteristics of Life Maintain boundaries – Growth without change in shape or boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react. Reaction to change in and out of body Digestion Break-down and absorption of nutrients
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions- Characteristics of Life Circulation – Movement of substances in fluids Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body Produces energy Makes body structures Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions- Charecterisitcs of Life Reproduction Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs – Maintenance of Life Food - Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight Provides environment for metabolic reactions Stable body temperature Maintain Pressures – application of force to something Atmospheric Pressure - Must be appropriate for breathing Hydrostatic pressure – pressure asserted by force of water – Blood Pressure
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of Life Although all elements are required (Oxygen, food, water, heat, pressure) – these factors are not enough to sustain life Both Quantities and Qualities are important. ie: volumes of water in cells must be regulated Amount of O2 must be regulated Concentrations must be maintained
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Interrelationships Among Body Systems – Balance must be maintained Figure 1.3
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 1a Variable (in homeostasis)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 2 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 3 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Variable (in homeostasis) Control center Imbalance
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 4 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.4, step 5 Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Receptor (sensor) Effector Variable (in homeostasis) Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Control center Imbalance
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center Maintain a Set Point - a particular value that needs to be maintained in the body, ie: temp. 98.6
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions. Using the workbook packet, please answer questions numbered 8 – 10 on pages 7 & 8.
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PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART A 1 The Human Body: An Orientation
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for Position Direction Regions Structures
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directions in the body Anterior – Front of body (Ventral) Posterior – Back of body – (Dorsal) Medial – closer to the midline of body Lateral – further away from midline of body Superior – refers to axial skeleton – higher or above Inferior – axial skeleton – below or lower Proximal – appendicular skeleton – closer to axial skeleton Distal – further from axial skeleton
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (2 of 3)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Directional Terms Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections A sagittal section divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts A median, or midsagittal, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts A frontal section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts A transverse, or cross, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes and Sections Figure 1.6
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review Questions Work Sheet Questions Question # 17: pages 12 & 13
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5a Regional Terms Anterior body landmarks
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Figure 1.7
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.8a
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Cavities Work Sheet Questions # 11, 12, 13, 16, 18 & 19 Extra Credit: Answer questions 20 – 23.
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