1. Male Reproductive System
Consists of the testes contained in the scrotum, the genital ducts and their associated glands (accessory glands) and the penis.
Testes function to produce spermatozoa (sperm) and to synthesize the hormone testosterone.
Major accessory glands include the paired seminal vesicles and the single prostate gland.

2. Minor accessory glands include the two bulbourethral glands located at the root of the penis.
Accessory glands function to manufacture the fluid portion of the semen, which transports and nourishes the spermatozoa as they pass through the excretory ducts.
Penis is the male copulatory organ that delivers spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract and serves as a conduit for excretion of urine from the body.

3. Fig 22-1 (Text) Bladder Prostate Menbranous urethra Ampulla
Seminal vesticle
Urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Corpus cavernosum
of the penis
Ductus deferens
Ductus epididymids
Corpus cavernosum
of the urethra
Ductus efferentes
Prepuce
Glands penis
Epididymis
Testicular lobule
Tunicia albuginea
Mediastinum
testis
Tunicia vaginalis
Tubuli recti
Rete testis

4. Testes
Testis
Is an ovoid body, about 4 to 5cm long, that is housed within the scrotum.
Develops retroperitoneally in the abdominal cavity and descends into the scrotum,carrying parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum (the tunica vaginalis) that partially cover the testis on its anterior and lateral surfaces.

5. Tunica
vasculosa
Tunica
albuginea
Lumen
Blood vessel
septum
Seminiferous
tubules
Seminiferous
epithelium

6. Tunica Albuginea
Is the thick fibrous connective tissue capsule of the testis.
Is thickened posteriorly to form the mediastinum testis from which connective tissue septa arise to divide the organ into approximately 250 compartments (lobuli testis).

7. Seminiferous epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubules

8. Seminiferous Tubules
Are the sites where spermatozoa are produced.
Are 30 to 70 cm long, with a diameter of 150 to 250 um.
Are lined by a complex, stratified epithelium.
Are enveloped by a fibrous connective tissue tunic, composed of several layers of fibroblasts. Myoid cells, resembling smooth muscle, are present in the inner layer of some species, but not in humans.
Form tortuous pathways through the organ before they become continuous with the short straight tubuli recti.

10. Seminiferous Epithelium
Is composed of two different types of cells, the spermatogenic cells from which the germ cells eventually develop and the Sertoli cells, which support and provide nutrition to the spermatogenic cells.
Is 4 to 8 cell layers thick.

11. Cytoplasmic bridges
Late spermiogenesis
Early spermatids
Initial spermiogenesis
Secondary spermatocytes
meiosis
Primary
spermatocyte
Basal lamina
spermatogonium
fibroblast
Interstitial cells
Figure 22–4. Part of a seminiferous tubule with its surrounding tissues. The seminiferous epithelium is formed by 2 cell populations: the cells of the spermatogenic lineage and the supporting or Sertoli cells.

12. Sertoli cell
Tall cells with their bases resting over the basal lamina of the tubule
The cell outline is irregular, with several infoldings.
Cytoplasm with a reticular appearance, with lipid droplets, granules, and spindle-shaped crystalloid bodies near the nucleus (crystalloids of Charcot-Böttcher)

13. Sertoli cells have tight junctions that separate the tubules into 2 compartments.
Adluminal compartment containing the haploid spermatocytes & spermatids.
Basal compartment containing the diploid spermatogonia.
Prevents immune attack against sperm cells.
Zonulae occludens join adjacent Sertoli cells & form a blood testis barrier.

14. Sertoli cells have multiple functions including:
• Secretion of factors which regulate spermatogenesis and
Spermiogenesis- Androgen Binding Protiein( ABP)
• Secretion of inhibin which regulates hormone production
• Secretion of tubular fluid
• Phagocytosis of discarded spermatid cytoplasm
Forms blood testis barrier

15. Figure 22–13. Hypophyseal control of male reproduction
Figure 22–13. Hypophyseal control of male reproduction. Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the Leydig cells, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts on the seminiferous tubules. A testicular hormone, inhibin, inhibits FSH secretion in the pituitary. ABP, androgen-binding protein. (Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Bloom W, Fawcett DW: A Textbook of Histology, 10th ed. Saunders, 1975.)

16. Spermatogenesis- 1) Spermatogonial Phase 2)Meiosis 3) Spermiogenesis
refers to mitotic division of the spermatogonia to provide a continuous supply of cells that will give rise to primary spermatocytes.
2)Meiosis
are two successive meiotic divisions that reduce the chromosome number from diploid to haploid and produce spermatids.
3) Spermiogenesis
is cytodifferentiation and transformation of spermatids to form spermatozoa.

17. Spermatogonial Phase & Meiosis

18. Spermiogenesis

19. Spermatozoa

20. Interstitial Cells
Interstitial Cells

21. INTRATESTTICULAR GENITAL DUCTS
Tubuli Recti
Rete Testis
Ductuli Efferentes

22. Tubuli Recti
Have a narrow lumen lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium.
Lead into the rete testis, a network of epithelial-lined channels located in the mediastinum.

23. Epithelium
Rete testis
Mediastinum testis
Tubuli recti
Connective tissue
Seminiferous
tubules

24. Ductuli Efferentes
Lead from the rete testis into the epididymis.

25. Epithelium
Spermatozoa
Ductuli
efferentes
Connective tissue
Spermatozoa

26. Ductuli Efferentes

27. EXCRETORY GENITAL DUCTS
Ductus Epididymis
Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)
Ampulla
Ejaculatory Duct

28. Ductus efferentes Tubuli recti Rete testis Bladder Prostate
Menbranous urethra
Ampulla
Seminal vesticle
Urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Corpus cavernosum
of the penis
Ductus deferens
Ductus epididymids
Corpus cavernosum
of the urethra
Ductus efferentes
Prepuce
Glands penis
Epididymis
Testicular lobule
Tunicia albuginea
Mediastinum
testis
Tunicia vaginalis
Tubuli recti
Rete testis

29. Ductus Epididymis
begins as the terminal portions of the ductuli efferentes fuse. Reservoir of spermatozoa.
is a narrow, highly coiled tubule, 4 to 6 meters long.
is surrounded by connective tissue containing blood vessels.
is subdivided into a head, body, and tail region.
its lumen is lined pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

30. Epithelium
is composed of basal and principal cells.
Basal Cells
are round and appear undifferentiated, apparently serving as precursors of the columnar principal cells.

31. Principle Cells
possess stereocilia (long irregular branching microvilli) on their luminal surface.
also possesses endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi complex, lysosomes, and many pinocytotic and coated vesicles in their apical portions (suggesting fluid resorption).
secrete glycerophosphocholine, a substance that probably inhibits capacitation.
Smooth muscle – 3 layers.

33. microvilli
Spermatozoa
Basal cell
Columnar cell
Connective
tissue and
smooth muscle
Figure 22–15. The highly coiled ductus epididymidis, sectioned several times. Its wall is made of a pseudostratified columnar epithelium surrounded by connective tissue and smooth muscle. PSH stain. Medium magnification. Inset: Higher magnification of the epithelial cells with their long microvilli (stereocilia).

35. Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)
begins at the end of the ductus epididymis as a straight tube with a thick muscular wall.
Pseudostratified Epithelium
(with stereocilia) similar to that of the ductus epididymis, lines the narrow, irregular lumen of the ductus deferens.
Muscular Wall
is composed of inner and outer layers of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle, separated from one another by a middle circular layer.

36. Figure 22—16. Section of the ductus deferens showing the mucosa formed by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia and a lamina propria. The thick outer wall is formed of smooth muscle (brown) and collagen fibers (blue). Trichrome stain. Low magnification.
Mucosa
Inner Longitudinal
smooth muscle
layer
Circular
smooth muscle layer
Outer Longitudinal
smooth muscle layer

37. lumen
Epithelium
Stereocillia
Inner longitudional muscle layer
Epithelium
Middle circular
muscle Layer
Outer longitudional muscle layer

38. Seminal Vesicles
are the paired tortuous tubular glands (15 cm in length) located adjacent the posterior aspect of the bladder.
their ducts join the ductus deferens just prior to its entering the prostate gland.
Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium
lines the extensively folded mucosa of this gland.
consists of low columnar cells interspersed with cuboidal basal cells (whose height is testosterone dependent).

39. Columnar Cells Lamina Propria
have many yellow lipochrome pigment granules and secretory granules, contain a large Golgi apparatus, many mitochondria, and an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Lamina Propria
consists of fibroelastic connective tissue surrounded by an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.

40. Adventitia Secretory Product
is also composed of fibroelastic connective tissue.
Secretory Product
is a yellow, viscous fluid that is rich in fructose and other substances and constitutes about 70% of the human ejaculate.

46. Prostate Gland
surrounds the urethra as it exits the urinary bladder and is the largest accessory gland.
consist of 30 to 50 discrete branched tubuloalveolar glands that empty their contents into the prostatic urethra (via excretory ducts).
Glands of the Prostate
are arranged in three concentric layers (central, transitional, peripheral) around the urethra and are surrounded by a fibroelastic capsule that contains smooth muscle.
stroma from the capsule penetrate the gland and divide it into lobes.

47. Simple or Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
lines the glands, and the fibroelastic connective tissue enveloping them contains elastic fibers and is richly vascularized.
Epithelial Cells
contain abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, a well-developed large Golgi complex, numerous lysosomes, and many secretory granules.

48. Prostatic Concretions
composed of glycoprotein are sometimes observed in the lumina of the glands.
may become calcified and their numbers increase with age.

49. Secretion
of the prostate, under the influence of dihydrotestosterone, is a whitish, thin fluid containing proteolytic enzymes, citric acid, acid phosphatase, and lipids.

50. Peripheral zone
Transition zone
Central zone
Prostatic urethra
Figure 22—18. Section of prostate showing the distribution of its glands in 3 zones. The gland ducts open into the urethra.

51. Stroma
Smooth
muscle
Blood vessel
Basal cell
Prostatic concretion
Columnar cell

56. Penis
functions both as an excretory organ for urine and as a copulatory organ for delivering sperm into the female reproductive tract.
is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue. The paired corpora cavernosa lie dorsally and the single corpus spongiosum contains the penile (spongy) urethra.

57. is covered by skin that overlies a loose connective tissue sheath that surrounds the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum.
skin (distally) lacks hair follicles and contains only a few sweat glands.
hypodermis contains a prominent layer of smooth muscle but no adipose tissue.

58. Prepuce
that portion of skin that covers the glans penis.
resembles as mucous membrane, since it is lined by stratified squamous nonkeratininzed epithelium.
Tunica Albuginea
is the thick fibrous connective tissue sheath surrounding the three erectile bodies.
The arrangement of the dense collagen bundles in the tunica permit extensibility of the penis during erection.

59. Corpora Cavernosa
are the two-paired erectile bodies dorsally in the penis.
contain irregular vascular spaces lined by a continuous layer of endothelial cells separated from each other by trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells.
Vascular Spaces
are decreased in size toward the periphery of the corpora.
become engorged with blood during erection, making the penis turgid.

60. Corpus Spongiosum
is the singular erectile body surrounding the spongy urethra.
its erectile tissue is similar to those of the corpora cavernosa, except that the trabeculae contain more elastic fibers and only a few smooth muscle cells.
its vascular spaces are uniform throughout.
Glands of Littre
are mucus secreting glands that are also present throughout the length of the penile urethra.

61. Ductus efferentes Tubuli recti Rete testis Bladder Prostate
Menbranous urethra
Ampulla
Seminal vesticle
Urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Corpus cavernosum
of the penis
Ductus deferens
Ductus epididymids
Corpus cavernosum
of the urethra
Ductus efferentes
Prepuce
Glands penis
Epididymis
Testicular lobule
Tunicia albuginea
Mediastinum
testis
Tunicia vaginalis
Tubuli recti
Rete testis

62. Glans Penis
is the terminal end of the corpus spongiosum.
contains dense connective tissue and longitudinal muscle fibers.
Erection
occurs when the erectile tissues become distended with blood due to parasympathetic stimulation mediated by tactile or erotic stimulation.

63. Figure 22—21. Transverse section of the penis.

65. Urethra
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Glands of littre´
Blood vessel
Erectile tissue