1. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.1 Chapter Seven The Impact of Urban and Industrial Growth

2. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.2 This shot by Robert Reford of the interior of a salmon cannery, on the Skeena River in northwestern British Columbia, shows four First Nation women doing butchering work. Library and Archives Canada

3. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.3 A slum courtyard in Toronto. Several dwellings opened out onto this common space sued for hanging wash, storage and as a play area for children. Note the buildings are constructed of wood with tar paper roofs. Photo taken November 26, 1913. City of Toronto Archives/ DPW 32-259.

4. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.4 Untreated waste from Toronto, and virtually every other municipality in the Great Lakes area, in both Canada and the United States, polluted the region’s water systems. City of Toronto Archives SC244, Item 1122A.

5. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.5 This store at the turn of the century shows the diversity of items available to those who had money to purchase them, including Jello, which had just come on the market in 1897. Note the method of displaying goods at the time, from floor to ceiling. Provincial Archives of New Brunswick/P18-163.

6. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.6 Amherst, Nova Scotia Telephone Exchange, around 1909. Telephone operators belonged to the elite of female clerical workers. (Cumberland County Historical Society.). Cumberland County Museum, 150 Church St, Amherst, Nova Scotia B4H 3C3. 902-667-2561.

7. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.7 Knights of Labor procession, King Street, Hamilton, 1885. Parades were an expression of workers’ solidarity and a means to achieve public recognition. W. Farmer/ National Archives of Canada/ PA 103086.

8. Copyright © 2008 by Nelson Education Ltd.8 Young Cape Breton miners at the pit head, 1903. Allie, on the far left, was a boy of only nine, who worked as a trapperboy. He opened and closed the door for horses bringing coal carts out of the mine. Each week he worked a thirteen hour shift, 6 days a week, for 55 cents a day. Canada’s industrial revolution depended on coal, and Cape Breton Island contained the richest coal deposits in eastern Canada. By 1901, it produced half of Canada’s coal. Beaton Institute, University College of Cape Breton.