1. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova The astronomical Virtual Observatory

2. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova Sharing astronomical data : why Major scientific objectives –Long term observations of variable natural phenomena –A large number of objects, complex interactions, many scales Observations with different techniques, at different scales (ground- and space-based observatories, large surveys) Multi-wavelength observations make a significant and increasing fraction of publications Re-using data for scientific objectives different from the original ones, i.e. optimize the science return of large ground- and space-based instruments and of large surveys IUE (1978-1996): five times more publications from data retrieved in the archive than from the selected observing teams (Wamsteker, Griffin, 1995) – a major precursor

3. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova Astronomy data landscape On-line information and services: heterogeneous, distributed observatory archives, value-added services and tools (CDS), electronic journals and the NASA ADS bibliographic database, modelling data, tools, etc Lots of work behind the scene: re-using data requires that –it is properly described –users trust its QUALITY On-line services are widely used by the astronomical community

4. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova Data policy Based on data sharing Observational data obtained through competitive process, available to all in observatory archives (after a 1 year proprietary period) Academic journals –A small number of major journals often managed by Astronomical Societies or international agreement (Astronomy & Astrophysics, 25 member countries from Europe and South America) –Table of contents and abstracts freely available, as well is ‘long’ tables at CDS (« attached data ») –Open access after 1-3 years, immediate open access to a significant part of A&A –Wide use of arXiv e-print archive

5. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova The VO: We did not start from nothing A network of on-line services The community is used to define exchange standards in international partnership –More than 30 years ago: FITS (observational data) –Since 1983: bibcode (1999A&A…447…89T) Even before the Web: remote query to services Since 1993, implementation and networking of on-line services covering the whole range of ‘data’ – in particular for bibliographic information

6. A unified access to tables published in journals (CDS & journals) Common description –Improved quality: Checks complementary to the referee’s –Data discovery: VO-enabled content description –Data retrieval Also more general ‘additional data ’ ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/vizHelp?cats/cats.htx

7. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova The astronomical Virtual Observatory Enable seamless access to the wealth of on-line astronomy resources all the world’s astronomical data should feel like they sit on the astronomer’s desktop workspace An ambitious goal and no pre-existing organisational model to follow (~2000) Pragmatic approach with a few basic principles –A global VO –Always keep in mind science usage and implementation by data centres –Fulfil astronomy’s needs (disciplinary VRE) BUT when possible use generic building blocks to allow wider interoperability Global interoperability requires international agreement The definition of interoperability standards is overseen by the International Virtual Observatory Alliance

8. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova The IVOA Precursor: a Work Package of the European OPTICON network led by CDS (international already) IVOA created in 2002 Alliance of VO projects Procedure adapted from W3C (WD, PR, REC) Working Groups and interest groups on the different aspects Now in implementation phase but maintenance and new topics require sustainability Any data centre can join by implementing the interoperability layer http://www.ivoa.net/Documents/

9. VO architecture ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova http://www.ivoa.net/Documents/Notes/IVOAArchitecture/index.html

10. Interoperability: current status Continuing to work on standards remains mandatory –Feedback from implementation and scientific usage –Evolution of astronomy – new facilities, new science –Evolution of technology From C. Arviset Passage to maintenance mode for many standards VO-enabled access to VizieR (in blue)

11. VO evolution The VO has never been solely a technology development Scientists and data providers have been participating from the beginning in the VO development Things had to be made in the proper order –The basic building blocks (standards and tools) had to be – and have been – built, with in mind take-up by data centres and science users –Now towards operational phase –The focus is moving towards more support to take-up by scientists and data providers, plus outreach towards education

12. Science requirements Science requirements have been present from the beginning –Scientists in VO projects –Science Advisory Committees of individual projects –Science demos When the basic standards have been developed, IVOA set up a Committee, then a Standing Committee for Science Priorities to identify high priority science cases, then performs a gap analysis to identify the lacking standards ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova

13. Impact on Data Providers: The Euro-VO census Census of European Data Centres (EuroVO- DCA, EuroVO-AIDA, 2009, 2010) Inclusive definition : Data Centres populate the VO with data and services, service to the community, added-value, sustainability, quality 69 ‘data centres’ answered Data archives, services, theory data and services

14. Data centres in Europe (and elsewhere!) A huge diversity in aims –large archives of ground- and space-based telescopes provided by national or international agencies –large systematic surveys of the sky, results of large simulations –generalist data bases and services –smaller contributions of scientific teams which share their expertise Huge diversity in size and organisations An ecosystem of data and service providers willing to share data and knowledge - a distributed, heterogeneous system with no a central point nor hierarchical organisation

15. Strands of work during operational phase Support to take-up by data providers Support to take-up by the scientific community Continuous technical development –Standards (update of existing standards and new standards because of feedback/evolutions) – VO teams + IVOA –Tools Outreach towards education and the general public Interdisciplinarity a must in the current « political » context

16. Interdisciplinary aspects IVOA had in mind to use generic components when possible. e.g. for two critical components for « wide » interoperability –Registry of Resources: OAI-PMH, Dublin Core (with extensions) –Vocabulary: RDF + SKOS (semantic web) Re-use/adaptation by other disciplines: pragmatic approach through dissemination of knowledge by knowledgeable staff in EU projects in « nearby » disciplines (HELIO et al., VAMDC)

17. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova The astronomy knowledge infrastructure Science driven information network widely used by the scientific community A model based on open access to data and services (pragmatic open access strategy) A fully distributed model –Agencies responsible for large infrastructures provide data archives –Established data centres provide value-added services and tools –Now smaller, motivated actors are appearing – labs willing to share their knowledge Links, portals, access tools Mid-term sustainability –Support to archive/data centres –Support to national projects which work on interoperability and tools –Support to the International (and European) layers

18. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova European strategic exercise for astronomy: Astronet Roadmap (2008) The data/service infrastructure is an important part of the disciplinary infrastructure Riding the Wave report of the EU High Level Expert Group on Scientific Data Data is an infrastructure Collaborative Data Infrastructure European strategies

19. ICSTI Workshop, 2012/03/05, F. Genova Conclusion Astronomy : a global, heterogeneous, distributed, open data infrastructure widely used by the scientific community Multipolar, with no central point Open to large organisations as well as to labs willing to share their knowledge The sharing of knowledge is a global challenge No single model – the way disciplines organize themselves to share their data is strongly dependent on their culture Any Collaborative Data Infrastructure should be able to accommodate disciplinary « pillars » when they exist