1. Hydropower: Electricity From Moving Water By: Lauren Murphy and Candice Burgan http://www.lasvegastourism.com/tours/h oover_dam.gif

2. Main goal To provide an adequate and efficient natural source of energy without the burning of fossil fuels. To provide an adequate and efficient natural source of energy without the burning of fossil fuels. To harness the energy of moving water To harness the energy of moving water To provide a cheap source of energy To provide a cheap source of energy http://www.danville- va.gov/upload/images/Utilities/Pinnacles%20Hyd ro.JPG

3. Layout of a Dam http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

4. How it works Build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation Build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water

5. How it works contd. The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power Power lines are connected to the generator that carry electricity Power lines are connected to the generator that carry electricity The water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the dam The water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the dam

6. Hydroelectric generator http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity.

7. Hydroelectric Power: 9.8% http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html

8. Top Generating Countries http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html

9. Expense of Power Production http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html

10. Purpose of Dams http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html

11. Provides 97.9% of all Electricity by Renewable Resources http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.html

12. Advantages - Fuel is not burned so there is minimal pollution -Water to run the power plant is provided free by nature - It's renewable - rainfall renews the water in the reservoir, so the fuel is almost always there -No waste products -Moderate to high net energy -High efficiency (80%) -Low cost electricity -Long life span -Provides flood control below dam -Provides year-round water for irrigation and crop land -Useful for fishing and recreation due to reservoir

13. Disadvantages/Environmental problems High construction costs High construction costs High environmental impacts High environmental impacts High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow reservoirs High CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow reservoirs Floods natural areas Floods natural areas Converts land habitat to lake habitat Converts land habitat to lake habitat Danger of collapse Danger of collapse Uproots people Uproots people Decreases fish harvest below dam Decreases fish harvest below dam Decreases flow of natural fertilizer to land below dam Decreases flow of natural fertilizer to land below dam Large water loss due to evaporation Large water loss due to evaporation

14. Collapsing of dams Many dams aren’t maintained properly Many dams aren’t maintained properly Lack of concern about risk and problems Lack of concern about risk and problems This causes mass- flooding and even loss of life This causes mass- flooding and even loss of life Internal erosion Internal erosion http://www.hatchenergy.com/Innovations/Spring2 006/guest_dam.html

15. Problems with hydropower Takes up a lot of space Takes up a lot of space Costs are extremely high Costs are extremely high Good land areas for construction have already been taken Good land areas for construction have already been taken Consumes a lot of time for planning and construction Consumes a lot of time for planning and construction The life expectancy of dams are only around 50 years The life expectancy of dams are only around 50 years Even at this age these dams are considered to be at a high risk for failing Even at this age these dams are considered to be at a high risk for failing

16. Rate of construction http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html

17. Make a difference Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuels, including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Hydroelectricity eliminates the flue gas emissions from fossil fuels, including pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, dust, and mercury in the coal. Doesn’t contribute to global warming! Doesn’t contribute to global warming! http://www.solcomhouse.com/Global_Warming.gif

18. Technological obstacles Building strong and efficient dams to withstand the passage of time Building strong and efficient dams to withstand the passage of time Find efficient ways to minimize environmental impacts Find efficient ways to minimize environmental impacts http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tlh/cpm/woodruff_dam_pic.jpg

19. Political/Economic obstacles High production/building costs High production/building costs Creating total revenue to build Creating total revenue to build Value tradeoffs Value tradeoffs Market prices Market prices Water use allocations cause controversy Water use allocations cause controversy Mass displacement of people Mass displacement of people Large investments in energy sources (large scale dams) Large investments in energy sources (large scale dams)

20. Three Gorges Dam Largest dam in the world Largest dam in the world http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2006/06/23/knDAM_wideweb_ _470x309,0.jpg

21. Bibliography http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.ht ml http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epa_sum.ht ml http://www.lasvegastourism.com/tours/hoover_dam.gif http://oilbeseeingyou.blogspot.com/2007/07/post-peak- dam-maintenance-or-lack.html http://oilbeseeingyou.blogspot.com/2007/07/post-peak- dam-maintenance-or-lack.html http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2006/06/23/knDA M_wideweb__470x309,0.jpg http://www.theage.com.au/ffximage/2006/06/23/knDA M_wideweb__470x309,0.jpg http://www.srh.noaa.gov/tlh/cpm/woodruff_dam_pic.jpg http://www.hatchenergy.com/Innovations/Spring2006/gu est_dam.html http://www.hatchenergy.com/Innovations/Spring2006/gu est_dam.html http://www.danville- va.gov/upload/images/Utilities/Pinnacles%20Hydro.JPG http://www.danville- va.gov/upload/images/Utilities/Pinnacles%20Hydro.JPG