1. Water Resources Management within the context of Climate Change: The Case of a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) Geoffrey Marshall Hydrogeologist Water Resources Authority Jamaica

2. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 2 Location

3. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 3 Water Resources of Jamaica Island divided into 10 hydrologic basins Hydrostratigraphy determines the water type Primary supply is from ground water sourced from limestone aquifers-western two thirds of the island Eastern one third of the island has an abundance of surface water resources i.e. rivers and streams.

4. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 4

5. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 5 Hydrostratigraphy

6. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 6 Well and River Locations

7. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 7 Groundwater Monitoring Total-282: Limestone Aquifer-191: Alluvium aquifer-91

8. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 8 Surface Water monitoring Total monitoring points-117—R-52 (Loggers-27); NR-43; Spot-22

9. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 9

10. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 10 Jamaica-Groundwater Pollution Monitoring

11. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 11 Water Availability and Use Exploitable Groundwater Limestone Aquifer---3281.85 MCM/yr Alluvium Aquifer----- 136.75 MCM/yr Total-------------------3418.60 MCM/yr Surface water Total-------------------- 664.9 MCM/yr

12. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 12 Water –Used/Unused Used Groundwater-----------840.5 MCM/yr Surface water---------- 76.5 MCM/yr Total---------------------917.0 MCM/yr Unused Reliable Yield Groundwater----------2579.3 MCM/yr Surface water----------- 592.6 MCM/yr Total---------------------- 3171.9 MCM/yr

13. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 13 Vulnerability of SIDS Small but rapidly increasing populations Strongly impacted by tropical storms/hurricanes. High variability in precipitation patterns Caribbean Tectonic Plate with implications for earthquakes and tsunami

14. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 14 Vulnerability of SIDS Geology and topography which influence rainfall, stream and karstic basin flooding and landslides Hydrostratigraphy which influence the location and extent of aquifers and aquicludes and together with the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall determine water availability

15. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 15

16. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 16 Importance and Significance of Water in SIDS SIDS rely on any or all of groundwater, surface water or rainfall (depending on size and topography). Input for all natural water resources is precipitation. Changes in precipitation patterns would have a significant effect on water resources recharge/storage and availability.

17. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 17 Interconnection with Water Resources Energy and food security, environmental sustainability, economic development all depend on a reliable water supply. Solutions for these issues, if conceived in isolation without considering climate change impacts on water will be self- defeating.

18. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 18 Climate Change Scenario Analysis in Jamaica High Probability that temperatures will increase, based on general results from GCMs. Most GCM models show decrease in precipitation by 2050 peaking in 2080, though magnitude varies from model to model.

19. Threats to Water Sector from Climate Change Longer and more intense dry season Increase in frequency of high intensity rainfall-increased flooding and landslides Watersheds-poor agricultural practices increase vulnerability-increased erosion and turbidity of streams Agriculture especially non- irrigated will be severely impacted Sea level rise-coastal flooding/higher storm surges will affect coastal aquifers. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 19

20. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 20 Adapting Water Resource Management to Climate Change Both Mitigation and Adaptation methods needed, with more emphasis on Adaptation. Strategies are needed at the local, regional and national levels.

21. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 21 Options to reduce Water Sector Vulnerability to Climate Change Increase and maintain investment in hydrological data collection and monitoring. Fund research into adopting planning methods for water resources and supply. Develop appropriate modeling tools to assist strategic planning of resources.

22. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 22 Options, continued Develop national flood risk mapping to support emergency operations and land use planning. Support and fund increased water use efficiency across all water use sectors. Merge government agencies responsible for land and water management.

23. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 23 Society’s Response Solutions to these water problems lie with decision makers in other parts of society. Need for understanding of water issues and “outside-the-box” thinking to implement adaptation measures.

24. 9/18/2015 Presentation at a workshop on “Challenges and Opportunities in Climate Change Adaptation for the Water Sector: Elements for a Regional Agenda” 24 Conclusions Keyword for adapting to impacts of climate change on water resources is ‘resilience.’ Priority should be “no-regret” and “low- regret” measures. Increased/improved water resources monitoring cannot be over-emphasized. More financial support must be provided for this.