1. Soils and Soil Analysis

2. What Is Soil? Mixture of organic and inorganic material
May range from 100% inorganic (sand) to nearly 100% organic (peat)
Inorganic part is minerals
Organic part is decayed plant and animal material and is sometimes called humas

3. Forensic Definition of Soil:
Includes anything mixed in the soil such as:
Bits of grass 9. Seeds
Cinders Animal matter
Asphalt Spores
paint
metals
concrete
Bricks
Vegetation

4. Soil’s composition is controlled by 5 major factors:
Climate
Parent material
Living organisms
Topography
Time

5. Forensic Significance of Soil
Soil is class evidence - cannot be individualized to a particular location
There is no classification system for soils
Soils can be easily transported
Soils within a few meters horizontally or vertically differ

6. Soil Categories no true classification system

7. Soil Samples Probably one of the most important samples taken.
Soil samples can be taken from ground around:
a broken window
a footprint
Car tires
An object found at the crime scene
And include dust from window sills, floors, carpets and clothing.

8. Forensic Analysis of Soils
Bulk analysis
Density gradient – if two soils came from the same location they should contain particles of the same densities.
Particle size distribution (sieving) – if two samples came from the same location they should have the same range of particle size.

9. Sieving

10. Inorganic components Color (dissolve in water)
Petrography - mineral analysis; Requires a good deal of skill and practice
Acidity of Soil

11. Forensic Analysis of Soils
Organic components
Liquid chromatography
Oxygen availability
Bacterial DNA? - Future possibility

12. Some Interesting? Cases Where Geological Evidence Has Been Important
Florida v. William Kennedy Smith
South Dakota v. Donald Eugene Moeller
Colorado v. Walter Osborne
The Death of a DEA agent – Enrico Camarena

13. Florida v. William Kennedy Smith
WKS accused of rape of Patricia Bowman
Alleged attack on grass lawn behind Kennedy estate in W. Palm Beach, Fl
WKS alleged consensual sex on the beach near estate
Jay Siegel used PLM to compare samples from clothing of victim to lawn and beach areas
Samples consistent with beach, not lawn
WKS acquitted of rape

14. South Dakota v. Donald Eugene Moeller
Capital murder case of 9-year old Becky O’Connell on May 8, 1990.
Testimony by soil expert refutes defendant alibi
Victim snatched off street, raped, killed, body dumped in woods.
Suspicion fell on Defendant because of prior sex crime involvement.
Found guilty and sentenced to death. Appeal resulted in reversal owing to admission of evidence of prior bad acts.

15. South Dakota v. Donald Eugene Moeller (cont.)
SD Supreme Court reversed and reinstated conviction
State geologist analyzed soil found in wheel wells of defendant pickup truck. Issue was whether soil came from crime scene South of Sioux Falls or from a road North of Sioux Falls where defendant claimed he was at time of crime
Geologist testified that soil could have come from crime scene.
Opinion based on:
Colors and general characteristics
Soil was much lighter or could not have come from other roads in area
“Sharp, clean” hornblende crystals much more likely to have come from crime scene area

16. South Dakota v. Donald Eugene Moeller (cont)
Part of appeal called for striking geologist’s testimony as being too speculative as to conclusions
At 2nd trial, geologist came into more evidence from scene and wheel well: dark green to black gahnite found at scene and in evidence from truck. This mineral extremely rare.

17. South Dakota v. Donald Eugene Moeller (cont)
Defense argued that geologist erred in identifying gahnite only by visual inspection. Claimed that PLM should have been used (to confirm that gahnite is isotropic) and that x-ray diffraction should have been used to confirm. Appeals court rejected appeal
There was no discussion at trial whether the finding of both hornblende and gahnite near Sioux Falls was a rarity or could be due to processing after mining elsewhere. Bedrock of Sioux Falls contains neither hornblende nor gahnite.

18. Colorado v. Walter Osborne
Osborne botches kidnapping of Adolph Coors from his ranch near Morrison and kills Coors
Ranch is near “Dakota Hogback” which is made of Dakota sandstone underlain by gray, green and maroon clay stones, shales, more sandstone and limestone. Dirt road near ranch was essentially eroded, pulverized components of hogback.

19. Colorado v. Walter Osborne (cont)
During kidnapping, a fight broke out and Osborne shot Coors. Fled in Osborne’s yellow Mercury with body. Fled south onto an unpaved road in next county. Then went west and climbed. Road made of muddled dust; pink-feldspar. Dust was granite, but compared to bedrock was deficient in iron and magnesium.
As he climbed further, came into Pike’s Peak granite – very distinctive.

20. Colorado v. Walter Osborne (cont)
At 7200 ft, Osborne dumped body in dump used by an Ashram. Body would not be found for 7 months.
Osborne went east and went on an unpaved road of black slags and drifted sands on a New Jersey barrier island. He hid car and torched it with gasoline.

21. Colorado v. Walter Osborne (cont)
FBI investigation turned up Osborne in New Jersey
Although Osborne (discovered to be Joseph Corbett, Jr) covered his tracks well but was writing his itinerary on the bottom of his car.
4 depositional strata found:
4th contained material from around New Jersey dump where he burned car
3rd contained pink feldspars of Pike’s Peak granite – near where body was found
2nd had materials from Morrison hogback formation – around Coor’s rangch
1st had pink feldspars of other Front Range granites – generally related to Rocky Mountain Front Range

22. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena
Story of how FBI geologist, Ron Rawalt was able to determine, with certainty, where Camarena body was buried, thus showing that Mexican govt. lied about how he was killed.
He noticed a TV report of the killings. The body was shown with soil clinging to it. The soil was obviously of a different color than the soil from the alleged burial site.

23. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena (cont)
He told the govt. that he could prove, with soil analysis alone, that Mexican govt. was lying about the murder.
He went to Mexico and collected a spoonful of soil from Camarena body. He compared that to the soil from the alleged burial site and found them to be entirely different.

24. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena (cont)
Soil from body
Spoke of mountains
98% rhyolite ash (clean, high in silica, angular, vesicular) – could be described as “airfall pumice”
Bixbyite – blacker than coal
Pink glass of exceptional depth and richness of color, he had never seen anything like it, except in candy
2 kinds of cristobalite: opalized and clear, elongate and faceted, clear polygonal columns (octehedrons). Resembled branch coral. Very rare to find both types together.

25. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena (cont)
Pinpointing location
Research with Geological Survey and Smithsonian minerologists located specific location – A Jalisco state park called Bosques de la Primvera. Cristabolite was the result of a third-event calderea formation.
Location is on upslope of mountain in park or park itself
Rawalt flew to Mexico as “DEA agent” (FBI agents were not allowed in to investigate

26. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena (cont)
While Rawalt was in Mexico searching for the area of burial, FBI was approached about a French consultant, Loic Le Ribault. He was the head petrologist for the French national oil company and was said to be able to do things geologically speaking, that other people couldn’t do. Show him a few grains of sand and he could tell you where they came from

27. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena (cont)
Le Ribault
FBI tested him by giving him 3 samples:
Ash from Mt. St. Helens
Alluvium from river delta in S. Carolina related to recent murder
Dirt from girders taken from bomb site in Beirut, Lebanon
Ribault’s results:
Got location of ash from Mt. St. Helens within a few miles of source
River basin in American Southest
Bekaa valley in Lebanon – soil had been subjected to explosion

28. Death of a DEA Agent: Enrico Camarena (cont)
Le Ribault’s contribution to Camarena case
Was showed samples from park and body. He said “you are there, but not there”. Right elevation, but these are samples (from park) from an area washing north. The site is an area washing south.
Sand deposited by water 4-5 ft. deep in a draw. Slope of draw <10 degrees. Shade predominates.
Rawalt found exact location from this data.