1. Random matching and traveling salesman problems Johan Wästlund Chalmers University of Technology Sweden

2. Mean field model of distance The edges of a complete graph on n vertices are given i. i. d. nonnegative costs Exponential(1) distribution.

3. Mean field model of distance We are interested in the cost of the minimum matching, minimum traveling salesman tour etc, for large n.

4. Matching Set of edges giving a pairing of all points

5. Traveling salesman Tour visiting all points

6. Walkup’s theorem Theorem (Walkup 1979): The expected cost of the minimum matching is bounded Bipartite model n R L

7. Walkup’s theorem = cost of the minimum assignment. Modify the graph model: Multiple edges with costs given by a Poisson process This obviously doesn’t change the minimum assignment

8. Walkup’s theorem Give each edge a random direction Choose the five cheapest edges from each vertex. We show that whp this set contains a perfect matching

9. Hall’s criterion An edge set contains a perfect matching iff for every subset S of L,

10. Hall’s criterion If Hall’s criterion holds, an incomplete matching can always be extended.

11. Hall’s criterion If Hall’s criterion fails for S, then it also fails for S T  (S)‏

12. Hall’s criterion Here we can take |S| + |T| = n+1 If Hall’s criterion fails, then it fails for some S (in L or in R) with

13. Walkup’s theorem

15. The directed edges from a given vertex have costs from a rate n/2 Poisson process The 5 cheapest edges have expected costs 2/n, 4/n, 6/n, 8/n, 10/n. The average cost in this set is 6/n, and there are n edges in a perfect matching

16. Walkup’s theorem If Hall’s criterion holds, there is a perfect matching of expected cost at most 6. What about the cases of failure?

17. Walkup’s theorem Randomly color the edges Red p Blue 1-p Take the 5 cheapest blue edges from each vertex. If Hall’s criterion holds, this gives a matching of cost 6/(1-p)‏ Otherwise the red edges 1-1, 2-2 etc give a matching of cost n/p.

18. Walkup’s theorem Total expected cost Take p = 1/n for instance. For large n, the expected cost is < 6 + o(1)‏ This completes the proof.

19. Walkup’s theorem Actually but we return to this…

20. Walkup’s theorem Walkup’s theorem obviously carries over to the complete graph (for even n)‏ The method also works for the TSP, minimum spanning tree, and other related problems Natural conjecture: E(cost) converges in probability to some constant.

21. Statistical physics The typical edge in the optimum solution has cost of order 1/n, and the number of edges in a solution is of order n. Analogous to spin systems of statistical physics

22. Disordered Systems Spin glasses AuFe random alloy Fe atoms interact

23. Statistical physics Each particle essentially interacts only with its close neighbors Macroscopic observables (magnetic field) arise as sums of many small terms, and are essentially independent of individual particles

24. Statistical physics Convergence in probability to a constant?

25. Statistical Physics / C-S Spin configuration Hamiltonian Ground state energy Temperature Gibbs measure Thermodynamic limit Feasible solution Cost of solution Cost of minimal solution Artificial parameter T Gibbs measure n→∞

26. Statistical physics Replica-cavity method of statistical mechanics has given spectacular predictions for random optimization problems M. Mézard, G. Parisi, W. Krauth, 1980’s Limit of   /12 for minimum matching on the complete graph (Aldous 2000)‏ Limit 2.0415… for the TSP (Wästlund 2006)‏

27. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit Matching problem on K n for large n. In principle, this requires even n, but we shall consider a relaxation Let the edges be exponential of mean n, so that the sequence of ordered edge costs from a given vertex is approximately a Poisson process of rate 1.

28. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit The total cost of the minimum matching is of order n. Introduce a punishment c>0 for not using a particular vertex. This makes the problem well-defined also for odd n. For fixed c, let n tend to infinity. As c tends to infinity, we expect to recover the behavior of the original problem.

29. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit For large n, suppose that the problem behaves in the same way for n-1 vertices. Choose an arbitrary vertex to be the root What does the graph look like locally around the root? When only edges of cost <2c are considered, the graph becomes locally tree-like

30. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit Non-rigorous replica-cavity method Aldous derived equivalent equations with the Poisson-Weighted Infinite Tree (PWIT)‏

31. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit Let X be the difference in cost between the original problem and that with the root removed. If the root is not matched, then X = c. Otherwise X =  i – X i, where X i is distributed like X, and  i is the cost of the i:th edge from the root. The X i ’s are assumed to be independent.

32. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit It remains to do some calculations. We have where X i is distributed like X

33. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit Let X  -u

34. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit Then if u>-c,

35. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit Henceis constant

36. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit The constant depends on c and holds when –c<u<c f(-u)‏ f(u)‏

37. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit From definition, exp(-f(c)) = P(X=c) = proportion of vertices that are not matched, and exp(-f(-c)) = exp(0) = 1 e -f(u) + e -f(-u) = 2 – proportion of vertices that are matched = 1 when c = infinity.

38. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit

39. What about the cost of the minimum matching?

40. Non-rigorous derivation of the   /12 limit

42. Hence J = area under the curve when f(u) is plotted against f(-u)! Expected cost = n/2 times this area In the original setting = ½ times the area =   /12.

43. K-L matching

44. Similarly, the K-L matching problem leads to the equations:  has rate K and  has rate L min[K] stands for K:th smallest

45. Shown by Parisi (2006) that this system has an essentially unique solution The ground state energy is given by where x and y satisfy an explicit equation For K = L = 2 (equivalent to the TSP), this equation is K-L matching

46. The exponential bipartite assignment problem n

47. Exact formula conjectured by Parisi (1998)‏ Suggests proof by induction Researchers in discrete math, combinatorics and graph theory became interested Generalizations…

48. Generalizations by Coppersmith & Sorkin to incomplete matchings Remarkable paper by M. Buck, C. Chan & D. Robbins (2000) Introduces weighted vertices Extremely close to proving Parisi’s conjecture!

49. Incomplete matchings n m

50. Weighted assignment problems Weights  1,…,  m,  1,…,  n on vertices Edge cost exponential of rate  i  j Conjectured formula for the expected cost of minimum assignment Formula for the probability that a vertex participates in solution (trivial for less general setting!)‏

51. The Buck-Chan-Robbins urn process Balls are drawn with probabilities proportional to weight 11 22 33

52. Proofs of the conjectures Two independent proofs of the Parisi and Coppersmith-Sorkin conjectures were announced on March 17, 2003 (Nair, Prabhakar, Sharma and Linusson, Wästlund)‏

53. Rigorous method Relax by introducing an extra vertex Let the weight of the extra vertex go to zero Example: Assignment problem with  1 =…=  m =1,  1 =…=  n =1, and  m+1 =  p = P(extra vertex participates) p/n = P(edge (m+1,n) participates)

54. Rigorous method p/n = P (edge (m+1,n) participates)‏ When  →0, this is Hence By Buck-Chan-Robbins urn theorem,

55. Rigorous method Hence Inductively this establishes the Coppersmith-Sorkin formula

56. Rigorous results Much simpler proofs of Parisi, Coppersmith- Sorkin, Buck-Chan-Robbins formulas Exact results for higher moments Exact results and limits for optimization problems on the complete graph

57. The 2-dimensional urn process 2-dimensional time until k balls have been drawn

58. Limit shape as n→∞ Matching: TSP/2-factor:

59. Mean field TSP If the edge costs are i.i.d and satisfy P(l<t)/t→1 as t→0 (pseudodimension 1), then as n →∞, A. Frieze proved that whp a 2-factor can be patched to a tour at small cost

60. Further exact formulas

61. LP-relaxation of matching in the complete graph K n

62. Future work Explain why the cavity method gives the same equation as the limit shape in the urn process Establish more detailed cavity predictions Use proof method of Nair-Prabhakar-Sharma in more general settings

63. Thank you!