1. Objectives: EE 465 Measurements Measurement is an important tool for engineers. As a student of engineering, You should learn : what can be measured what should be measured what kinds of instruments are used in measurement why measurements are needed how measurements are used how to measure the important quantities in the branch of engineering you are studying Learning to measure requires practice, so laboratories and other “hands-on” experiences are useful. But pay attention also to the measurements you make in everyday life— they can teach you a lot about measurement. Large engineering projects require many kinds of measurements and generate an enormous amount of data. Professional engineers need a good background in statistics in order to use that measurement data effectively. You would be well served by including a statistics course in your studies.

2. EE 465 Instruments and Measurements Instrumentation System Transducer Power ConditioningAmplifierRecorder Data Processor Controller Command Generator Engineering Analysis Process Control

3. Transducer Transducer is an analogue device that converts one form of quantity to another form. Examples: Micro phone: Converts acoustics into electrical signals Strain Gage: Converts physical displacement into electrical

4. Power Supply That provides energy to drive the transducer and other related components. Microphone and Strain Gages require DC power to activate their functioning. All active devices such as Diodes, Transistors and IC require Power to activate.

5. Signal conditioner: These modules are electronic circuits that convert, compensate, or manipulate the transducer-output into measurable signals. Examples: Wheatstone Bridges Filters

6. Amplifiers Mostly the output of the transducers are in the form of weak signals( millivolt): difficult to measure; therefore those are amplified in magnitude using Amplifiers. Examples: All electrical signals are amplified using amplifier of variable gains

7. Recorders Voltage Measuring devices those could record and display off-line reading of the cumulated values. They could be analogue or digital: Examples: Scopes …analogue device Tape Recorders Memories

8. Data Processor Device those interpret signals in appropriate form to read: Example: D/A convert for readable display A/D convert for computer processing Graphical data converters to display in x-y forms

9. Command Generators Command Generator device generates command to represent any variation in relation to time and therefore proper presentation is made. Examples: Temperature profile over a day (weather) Pressure profile over a day (weather)

10. Process Controller Process Controller accepts both Command and Measured signals and compare to give error signals details if required. Examples: Error signals are fed back to control or adjust the output in a feedback systems

11. Engineering Analysis Data read-out is analyzed to interpret the system behavior in engineering sense. Examples: X-rays to state the level of abnormailty MRI to state tumor dimensions Ultra Sound of organs to state their abnormality, if there is.

12. Process control device Certain electrical device are used as actuators to implement control commands: DC Motors Stepping Mortors Solenoids Motorized Valves Servo Motors Positioning Device

13. DC Motors

14. Stepping Motors

15. Step Motor

16. Types of Solenoids Pull Solenoids Force is Directed Back towards Solenoid. Push Solenoids Force is Directed AWAY from Solenoid

17. Types of Solenoids Rotary Solenoids Apply a Torque over a range of Rotation. Every Company has different ways to obtain the rotary motion.

18. Typical Solenoid Applications Linear Applications Valve Actuators Latching/Switching Pushing/Pulling Objects Sorting Shutters Characteristics Size  as Force  Limited Stroke Lengths 5/8” is a Long Stroke

19. Motorized Valves http://www.sobjoy.com/motorised- valve.swf http://www.sobjoy.com/motorised- valve.swf

20. Servo Control Valves Examples: Car Brakes Air-conditioner Boilers Water Tanks Robots on duty Autopilots Unmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAV)

21. OT Positioning

22. Radar Positioning

24. Positioning Device

25. Work bench positioning