1. Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Messere - Grade 11 Economics CIE 3M7

2. Outline I. Introduction A. Shortages B. Surpluses C. Equilibrium II. Changes in Equilibrium A. Change in Demand B. Change in Supply III. Disequilibrium - Price Controls A. Price Floors B. Price Ceilings

3. Shortage Let’s say that Loony’s uptown decides to sell their CDs for $3 each. More than likely there will be a lot more people wanting to buy CDs than Loony’s has to sell. Why? Because at such a low price, the quantity demanded is quite high. But Loony’s does not want to sell that many at such a low price.

4. Shortage This situation is called a shortage Shortage - when Q d > Q s at current market price. –Amount of Shortage = Q d - Q s Note - it is not correct to say Demand exceeds Supply, but rather quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied.

5. Shortage Result of Shortage: If you are the manager of Loony’s and you find that you are selling out of CDs at $3, what do you want to do? –Raise the price Buyers can’t get all they want. Therefore, competition among buyers drive prices up. P will increase

6. Shortage P Q S CDs D CDs 0

7. Shortage P Q S CDs D CDs 0 P sh QsQs QdQd Amount of Shortage

8. Results of Shortage P Q S D 0 P sh QsQs QdQd

9. Results of Shortage P Q S D E P* Q* 0 P sh QsQs QdQd

10. Surplus Let’s say that as the manager, you raised the prices of CDs to $20. At $20 you would love to sell a lot of CDs, but not a lot of people are willing to pay $20 for a CD. So the CDs keep piling up as they come in from your supplier, but they don’t seem to be going out the door in sales.

11. Surplus This situation is called a surplus Surplus - when Q s > Q d at current market price. Amount of surplus = Q s - Q d Note - not correct to say Supply exceeds Demand, but rather that quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded.

12. Results of Surplus Result of Surplus: As manager you have to decide what do with all these CDs that are piling up and not selling. What do you do? –Have a sale!

13. Results of Surplus Firms have more than they can sell. Therefore, firms lower price to sell the product. As price decreases, Q d increases and Q s decreases P will decrease

14. Surplus P Q S CDs D CDs 0

15. Surplus P Q S CDs D CDs 0 P sur QdQd QsQs Amount of Surplus

16. Results of Surplus P Q S CDs D CDs 0 P sur QdQd QsQs Amount of Surplus

17. Results of Surplus P Q S CDs D CDs E P* Q* 0 P sur QdQd QsQs Amount of Surplus

18. Equilibrium in the Market Note that if the price is below P* then there will be a shortage causing price to rise If the price is above P* then there will be a surplus causing price to fall It’s as if P* is a magnet that keeps drawing price to it (and consequently quantity to Q*) This magnet is sometimes called “The Invisible Hand”

19. Equilibrium in the Market Equilibrium - where quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. Equilibrium Price (P*) - price where equilibrium occurs.

20. Equilibrium P Q S D E P* Q* 0

21. Equilibrium in the Market What Occurs at Equilibrium Demand Side - those who get the good are those willing and able to pay the P*. Supply Side - only those firms which are able to produce at or below the cost of P* will remain in business.

22. Changes in Equilibrium Remember that Supply and Demand are drawn under the ceteris paribus assumption. Any factors, other than price, which cause Supply and/or Demand to change will affect equilibrium price and quantity.

23. Change in Demand Demand will change for any of the factors examined previously: –Tastes/Preferences –Income (Normal/Inferior goods/Y-dist.) –Price of Substitute/Complimentary goods –Number of Consumers –Expectations of price changes Ceteris paribus, suppose the demand for CDs increased due to an increase in income. How would this affect the market equilibrium price & quantity of CDs?

24. Increase in Demand P Q S CDs D CDs 0

25. Increase in Demand P Q S CDs D CDs E P* Q* 0 D’ E’ Q*’ P*’

26. Change in Supply Supply will change for any of the factors examined previously: - Technology - Cost of Resources - Taxes & Subsidies - Number of Producers - Changes in Nature Ceteris paribus, let’s say that the government lowers taxes on CDs. How would this affect the market equilibrium price & quantity of CDs?

27. Increase in Supply P Q S CDs D CDs 0

28. Increase in Supply P Q S CDs D CDs E P* Q* 0 S’ E’ P*’ Q*’

29. The Role of Prices Convey information –When the price of a Maple Leaf tickets, on average, increases by 10%, it indicates the popularity of the Maple Leafs Rationiong device –The price is what determines who can have the good –Price acts as a means of allocating the good/resource to reflect its scarcity value

30. Market Disequilibrium Is it possible for the price and quantity to NOT be in equilibrium? Yes - While the invisible hand may move price towards equilibrium, price controls tend to generate disequilibrium in the marketplace

31. Price Controls There are two types of price controls: 1) Price Ceilings 2) Price Floors

32. Price Ceilings Price Ceiling - sets a maximum price that is allowed by law. Result of Price Ceiling: –Stay at a permanent shortage situation Note that a price ceiling can be any price the government chooses. It is, however only effective if it is below the equilibrium price

33. Price Ceiling Example of Price Ceiling Rent controlled apartments In New York City, San Francisco, Boston, and other cities the city or state determines the maximum amount that can be charged for rent on many apartments. A maximum price is a price ceiling

34. Rent Controlled Apartments P Q S D 0

35. P Q S D P* Q* 0

36. Rent Controlled Apartments P Q S D P* Q* 0 P ceiling QsQs QdQd Amount of Shortage

37. Winners and Losers Who gains and loses with price ceilings? 1. Benefit - those who get rent controlled apartments 2. Loses - those who can’t find apartments due to the shortage. 3. Loses - landlords who must accept lower rent.

38. Price Floors Price Floor - sets a minimum price that is allowed by law. Result of Price Floor Stay at a permanent surplus situation Note that a price floor can be set at any price, but is only effective if it is above the equilibrium price

39. Price Floors Example of Price Floor Minimum Wage Legislation The minimum wage is a lowest price the government will allow firms to pay for labor. A minimum price is a price floor

40. Price Floors When we look at the labor market it is similar to other supply and demand diagrams except for the labels. L - quantity of workers w - wages (the price we pay workers) It is also different because the suppliers of labor are households, not firms, and the demanders of labor are firms, not households

41. Minimum Wage Legislation Wage # of Workers S D 0

42. Minimum Wage Legislation Wage # of Workers S D w* L* 0

43. Minimum Wage Legislation Wage # of Workers S D w* L* 0 w floor LdLd LsLs Amount of Unemployed Workers

44. Winners and Losers Who gains and loses with price floors? 1. Benefit - those who get higher wages 2. Loses - those who can’t find jobs at the higher wage 3. Loses - firms who must pay higher wages.

45. Practice Test Link Practice Test Link Further Practice Take a sheet of paper out and number it from 1 to 5. For each question indicate whether: - price increased, decreased or it was indeterminate (impossible to determine) - quantity increased, decreased or it was indeterminate (impossible to determine)