1. Chapter 14 Personality

2. Psychoanalytic Approach (How the unconscious and childhood affect personality) Sigmund Freud Thought our feelings are mostly unconscious Thought dreams offered a path to the unconscious mind Believed the unconscious has 3 basic structures: Id, Ego, Superego

3. ID Acts as a 2 year old: “I want, I want, I want!!!” Represents basic drives such as hunger Pleasure principle: The urge for immediate release of energy or emotion that will bring personal gratification, relief, or pleasure

4. Ego “Stands for reason and good sense” Reality Principle: the understanding that in the real world we cannot always get what we want. Is aware of the id but tries to appease it before we are aware of it

5. Superego Moral Principle: provides us with our moral sense. floods the ego with the feelings of shame when we’ve done something wrong.

7. Defense Mechanisms of the EGO Methods used to avoid recognizing ideas or emotions that may cause personal anxiety Repression: pushing ideas/emotions/memories to the unconscious mind Rationalization: deceiving ourselves with excuses to justify unacceptable behavior Displacement: changing target of an emotion to a less threatening person

8. Regression: dealing with stress by returning to a childish state. Projection: people seeing their own faults in others Reaction formation: acting differently from their true feelings Denial: ignoring thoughts or feelings Sublimation: channeling aggression into something else more appropriate

9. Freud’s Stages of Development No proof that any of this is true

10. Stage: Oral Characteristics: 1 st year of life To understand an object, a child puts it in their mouth Mouth is main source of pleasure because of food

11. Causes & signs of fixation: Parents do not give the infant enough attention Smoking, overeating, excessive talking, and nail biting.

12. Stage: Anal Characteristics: Between 1.5-2 years old Children now can control their own bodily functions

13. Causes and signs of fixation: Anal Retentive: perfectionists VS.

14. Stage: Phallic Characteristics: 3 years old Children start to recognize the physical differences between the sexes

15. Causes and signs of fixation: See the same sex parent as a rival Can lead to depression, excessive guilt, & anxiety

16. Stage: Latency 5-6 years old Repress all aggressive urges

17. Causes and signs of fixation: None Nada Zip Zilch Cero Nichts Can’t be fixated here

18. Stage: Genital Characteristics: Starts at puberty Become more aware of gender identity

19. Causes & reasons for fixation: Conflicts from earlier stages become more apparent during this stage.

20. Karl Jung 1. Collective unconscious: a common pool of images derived from our species’ universal experiences. 2. Archetypes: symbolic imagery (superman, fairy godmother, mother earth, father time.)

21. Alfred Adler Inferiority Complex: feelings of inadequacy and insecurity. Example: physical problems & the need to compensate for them.

22. Karen Horney Emphasized parent-child relationships She thought that genuine & consistent love could temper the effects of even the most painful childhoods.

23. Rorschach inkblot test

24. Trait Perspective Personality testing/factor analysis: Myers-briggs Analyzes different factors making up persoanlity

25. W.T. Norman’s Big Five Personality Traits Openness – (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious). Appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and variety of experience.artemotion adventure curiosity

26. Conscientiousness – (efficient/organized vs. easy- going/careless). A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behaviour.self-discipline dutifully achievement

27. Extraversion – (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/reserved). Energy, positive emotions, surgency, and the tendency to seek stimulation in the company of otherssurgency stimulation

28. Agreeableness – (friendly/compassionate vs. cold/unkind). A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others.compassionate cooperative suspiciousantagonistic

29. Neuroticism – (sensitive/nervous vs. secure/confident). A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability. angeranxietydepression vulnerability

30. The Humanistic Approach (Personality based on free will) Abraham Maslow: self-actualization (reaching your full potential) Maslow believed other animals do not do this.

31. Carl Rogers Self-concept: a view of oneself as an individual The Self-Concept & Congruence: Consistency between one’s self-concept & one’s experience Example: If your self-concept is inconsistent with how others view you, it can cause anxiety.

32. Carl Rogers continued… Conditional Positive Regard: child feels disappointment in themselves= lower self- esteem. Unconditional Positive Regard: high self-esteem

33. Social-Learning Theory Albert Bandura Environment shapes us/we shape environment

34. Erik Erikson Thought relationships were the most important part of the developing personality. These relationships could cause a person to trust or mistrust others.

35. Is success better defined by personal achievement or what we contribute to the groups we are part of?

36. Individualism vs. Collectivism Western Culture: Individual based When asked to define themselves it’s usually based on personal identity. Example: “I am out going” or “I am a nurse”

37. Africa, Asia, Central & South America: Collectivistic When asked to define themselves it’s usually based on group association. Example: “I am a father”, “I am a Buddhist,” or “I am Japanese”

38. The Learning Approach to Personality (Personality based on observation) John B. Watson: external influences-not internal- largely shape people’s behavior.

39. B.F. Skinner: Agreed with Watson