1. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport European Commission Dr. Kyriakos MANIATIS DG TREN Energy-f-Waste & Security of Energy Supply

2. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Meeting Kyoto Objectives 8% CO2 reduction between 2008 - 2012 compared to 1990 Doubling the Share of Renewable Energy Sources From 6% to 12% of gross inland energy consumption Improving Energy Efficiency Increase by 18% until 2010 compared to 1995 Maintaining Security of Supply Clear Energy Policy Targets

3. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport RES in the EU European Union energy mix 1998 (EUROSTAT 2001) Renewable energy still accounts for only a small fraction of the Community energy mix

4. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Mtoes RES Contribution to Primary Energy Consumption TERES II

5. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Renewable energy in figures (1/3) 051015202530 % SE AU FI PO DK IT FR SP HE DE IR NL LU BE UK European average Share of renewable energy in total consumption: 1998 Per type of RES BM HY WA Solar (EUROSTAT 2001) GE WE

6. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Renewable energy in figures (2/3) 1.1 8.7 4.5 8.6 19.9 15 3.6 16 2.1 3.5 70 38.5 24.7 49.1 1.7 0%20 % 40% 60%80% Belgium Denmark Germany Greece Spain France Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Austria Portugal Finland Sweden United King. Share of renewables in electricity production: 1997 European average: 13.9% WE HYGE BM&WA Electricity Per type (EUROSTAT 2001)

7. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Renewable energy in figures (3/3) BM&WA GE Solar Panels Biomass & Waste have the highest potential & contribution within RES Heat Per type (EUROSTAT 2001)

8. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Directives Directives Directive on the promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market Draft Directives on Liquid Biofuels mandate for a minimum use of biofuels and their de- taxation Draft Directive on Combined Heat and Power Under discussion, Special provision for renewables.

9. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport The RES Directives & EfW The Biodegradable fraction of MSW is RES. Energy and fuels from waste is thus covered by the Directives. One of the main problems is how to determine the biodegradable fraction of waste streams?? The role of waste: Another valuable resource

10. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Biofuels & Recovered Fuels (B&RF) If the targets of the Energy Policy are to be met, biofuels & solid recovered fuels markets have to be developed. For such markets to function properly, confidence between producers and users of fuels must be established. This necessitates market tools (eg. standards on fuel quality). The need for RES fuels markets

11. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport B&RF and Fossil Fuels Biomass & recovered fuels are the only RES that can directly replace fossil fuels since they are storable and can be upgrated to solid, gas & liquid fuels. This can be achieved either directly (in co-combustion) applications or indirectly in co-gasification (after conversion to a fuel gas). In addition, liquid biofuels (bio-ethanol, biodiesel, bio-FT bio-methanol etc.) produced from biomass and waste can be used for transport as well as CHP applications. The advantages of our Resources

12. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport The Market Tools We need reliable technologies so that industrial users will apply them with confidence. We have to ensure that economic benefits are met while the environment is safeguarded. We have to balance demand with supply since resources are limited and ensure that competing industries are not harmed. The need for Technology

13. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Technology Needs We need new concepts and approaches to address the market demands of tomorrow. We have to develop the concept of bio-refineries, & waste-refineries to maximise the potential benefits. We have to simultaneously control, mitigate their consequences and propose alternative solutions for those present factors which lead to an unsustainable Europe. The need for Innovation

14. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Societal Needs The need for contact with the EU citizen We need new concepts and approaches to try and reach our fellow citizens for the overall benefits of Bioenergy. We have to develop better communication skills, & we need to use expert assistance (eg. the press). We have to provide convincing assurances that our common primary objective is a sustainable energy system.

15. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Biodiesel STATUS OF PROCESSES & APPLICATIONS Low High StrongWeak Market Potential Technology Strength RDF & Sludge Co-gasification Pyrolysis Gasification Bioethanol & other novel processes Anaerobic Digestion. Average Medium Incineration

16. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport MARKET OPPORTUNITIES Market PenetrationProduct Development Market DevelopmentDiversification Incineration Anaerobic Digestion Co-Gasification CHP Existing TechnologyNew Technology Pyrolysis Gasification BioEthanol & novel Waste “refineries” Existing Markets New Markets Resources???

17. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT for Bioenergy applications Market Attractiveness Resource Technology Strength Low Medium High Strong Average Weak Wood Chips Wood Pellets. Animal Waste RDF Unsorted Waste Polymers, Tyres Sludge Increasing Fuel Cost Increasing Development needs Target Fuels

18. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport Technology Fuel Market Application Bioenergy is complex as the technologies and the fuels can have several applications. BIOENERGY’s COMPLEXITY All three vectors need continuous improvements via innovation and reduced costs. For a successful application, the technical reliability & economic benefits must be maximised under specific market conditions.

19. FEAD International Conference Bruges 17-19 October 2002 Directorate General for Energy and Transport In addition to technical innovation we need creation of functioning bioenergy fuels’ ( solid, liguid & gaseous ) markets. Conclusions The EC supports the development of all 3 Bioenergy vectors & has proposed Directives & Programmes for their support. Energy from Biomass & Waste plays an important role in the EU Energy Policy, and it is expected to make a significant contribution to a sustainable energy system.