1. X-ray Crystallography 1 Dr. Helen Berman October 14, 2002

2. Examples of translational symmetry Macgillavry, C. Symmetry Aspects of M. C. Escher’s Periodic Drawings. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 1976, p. 5.

3. Example of how to define a unit cell Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer. Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 12.

4. Conventions used in defining unit cell Blundell, T. L. Protein Crystallography. Academic Press, 1976, p. 84.

5. identity Bernal, Hamilton, & Ricci. Symmetry: A Stereoscopic Guide for Chemists. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1972, p. 44.

6. Two fold symmetry Bernal, Hamilton, & Ricci. Symmetry: A Stereoscopic Guide for Chemists. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1972, p. 45.

7. Three fold symmetry Bernal, Hamilton, & Ricci. Symmetry: A Stereoscopic Guide for Chemists. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1972, p. 48.

8. Four fold symmetry Bernal, Hamilton, & Ricci. Symmetry: A Stereoscopic Guide for Chemists. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1972, p. 50.

9. Six fold symmetry Bernal, Hamilton, & Ricci. Symmetry: A Stereoscopic Guide for Chemists. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1972, p. 52.

10. Screw axis Rotational and translational symmetry Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer. Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 94.

11. Symbols used to describe different symmetry in crystals

12. Seven systems Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer. Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 200.

13. Plane groups pmm Macgillavry, C. Symmetry Aspects of M. C. Escher’s Periodic Drawings. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, Utrecht, 1976, p. 11.

14. Disallowed symmetry in crystals

15. Space groups Example from International Tables of Crystallography P2 1 2 1 2 1

16. Diffraction pattern of a duck Holmes, K.C. and Blow, D. M. The Use of X-ray Diffraction in the Study of Protein and Nucleic Acid Structures. Robert E. Kreeger Publishing Company, 1980, p. 120.

17. Diffraction from a slit A) narrow slit B) wider slit Illustrates reciprocal relationship Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer. Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 22.

18. Add more slits, sharpen pattern Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer. Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 28.

19. Diffraction from lines gives dots Illustration of a reciprocal lattice convolution Blundell, T. L. Protein Crystallography. Academic Press, 1976, p. 114.

20. Optical diffraction A) lattice B) 1 molecule C) 2 molecules D) 4 molecules E) row of 6 molecules F) a small crystal Blundell, T. L. Protein Crystallography. Academic Press, 1976, p. 113.

21. Example of resolution Holmes, K.C. and Blow, D. M. The Use of X-ray Diffraction in the Study of Protein and Nucleic Acid Structures. Robert E. Kreeger Publishing Company, 1980, p. 120.

22. Effect of series termination Blundell, T. L. Protein Crystallography. Academic Press, 1976, p. 118.

23. Optical diffractometer A aperture C condenser lens Object placed in plane M S lens Diffraction pattern in plane D O objective lens I recombined image Blundell, T. L. Protein Crystallography. Academic Press, 1976, p. 110.

24. Braggs Law

25. Example of an x-ray diffraction pattern Glusker, J. & Trueblood, K. Crystal Structure Analysis: A Primer. Oxford University Press, 1985, p. 26.