1. Industrialization
Chapter 9

2. I. Technology Revolution
Daily Life in 1865:
-no indoor electricity – used candles or oil lamps
-no refrigeration – ice from frozen ponds stored in icehouses – expensive
-slow communication

4. I. Technology Revolution
Daily Life in 1900:
: only 36,000 patents issued (license to make, use, or sell an invention)
: 500,000 patents issued
-by 1900, the standard of living in the U.S. was the highest in the world

5. I. Technology Revolution
Railroads Improve Transportation:
-before the Civil War: most tracks were short and didn’t connect major cities
-there was also no standard width, or gauge, of tracks – very expensive to move goods

7. I. Technology Revolution
-1st Transcontinental Railroad: completed in 1869
-coast to coast
-Central Pacific built eastward
-Union Pacific built westward
-met at Promontory Point, UT
-Impact:
Opened up the West

9. I. Technology Revolution
-problems: noisy, dirty, uncomfortable
-improvements: steel rails replaced iron rails (more durable), standard gauges, improved safety (ex: better brakes)
-another problem was scheduling: early 1800s each town set their own clock – national time zones were created in 1883 by the railroad industry

11. I. Technology Revolution
Advances in Communication:
-telegraph – perfected by Samuel Morse – used the Morse Code to send electrical messages
-Western Union Telegraph Company – formed after the C.W. – laid 100,000s of telegraph cable (1870: 100,000 miles 1900: 900,000 miles)

13. I. Technology Revolution
-telephone – invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 – teacher of the deaf in Boston – from Scotland

14. I. Technology Revolution
Electric Power:
-Thomas Edison – made electricity more widely available
-also invented the phonograph
-set up shop in Menlo Park, NJ
-greatest inventor of the day
-developed light bulb in 1880

16. I. Technology Revolution
-George Westinghouse – developed a new current that could be transmitted cheaper in 1885
-Electricity’s Impact: made refrigeration possible, created new jobs (ex: electric sewing machine allowed clothes to be mass produced) – rural areas did not benefit at first

17. I. Technology Revolution
The Bessemer Process:
-1850s – Henry Bessemer made it easier and cheaper to mass produce steel – led to a new age of building – ex: skyscrapers, bridges, etc.

19. II. The Growth of Big Business:
It took a lot of money to build factories and develop these new inventions
– business leaders often combined their funds to form large companies

20. II. The Growth of Big Business:
2 views of the business leaders of this era: Were they…
1) “Robber Barons” – implies that business leaders built their fortunes by “stealing” from the public – eliminate competition = higher prices

22. II. The Growth of Big Business:
2) “Captains of Industry” – implies that business leaders served their country in a positive way by increasing the quality and quantity of goods and creating new jobs

23. II. The Growth of Big Business:
Andrew Carnegie:
-born in Scotland – settled in Pittsburgh
-made $50,000 a year in 1865
-created the Carnegie Steel Company in 1889
-created a monopoly, or complete dominance of an industry by one company, on the steel industry

24. II. The Growth of Big Business:
-believed in the “gospel of wealth” – people should be free to make as much money as they can as long as they give some of it away
-gave away $350 million by the time of his death in 1919

25. II. The Growth of Big Business:
Social Darwinism – the idea that strong businesses survive and the weak die – the rich used this to justify their wealth
Edwin L. (E.L.) Drake – developed and used the first oil well – Titusville, PA – nicknamed “Drake’s Folly” (people thought he was crazy)

26. II. The Growth of Big Business:
John D. Rockefeller:
-formed the Standard Oil Company in 1863
-created a monopoly on the oil industry by underselling (cut throat) his competition
-created a trust, or group of several companies managed by one board, in 1882 (40 companies)

27. II. The Growth of Big Business:
-net worth in 1910: $310 billion in today’s money (2x’s as much as Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, and Sam Walton combined)
*Sherman Anti-Trust Act: – outlawed any combination of companies that created a monopoly – not enforced

28. III. Industrialization and Workers
: 14 million immigrated to the U.S. for new opportunities (i.e. jobs)
Late 1800s: 8-9 million moved to the cities looking for jobs
Every family member worked because wages were low – children at ages 12 or 13 worked – no unemployment insurance

30. III. Industrialization and Workers
Factory workers often worked 12 hrs. a day, 6 or 7 days a week
-they were paid by production not by the hour (piecework) – i.e. those that worked the fastest made the most money
Women were excluded from the high-paying jobs and had no chance to advance

31. Industrialization and Workers
1882: average of 675 workers killed a week
No vacation, sick leave, unemployment
20% of boys and 10% of girls under the age of 15 worked – including some as young as 5
1899 wages: women - $267 a year, men - $498 – Carnegie - $25 million

32. IV. The Great Strikes
Labor unions emerged during the late 1800s – wanted higher wages, fewer hours, and better working conditions
Knights of Labor – formed in 1869 – led by Terrence Powderly – united all skilled and non-skilled workers – little success

33. IV. The Great Strikes
American Federation of Labor – formed in 1886 – led by Samuel Gompers – organized only skilled workers
Industrial Workers of the World – nicknamed “Wobblies” – group in Chicago who opposed the AFL – focused on non-skilled workers

34. IV. The Great Strikes Reaction of Employers:
-hated unions – tried to stop their influence by:
1) firing union organizers
2) forbidding union meetings
3) forcing new workers to agree not to join a union
4) refusing to recognize unions

35. IV. The Great Strikes
Railroad Strike of 1877 – 1st major strike in the U.S. – railroad companies cut wages and violence erupted across the country – federal troops put down the strike
: 24,000 strikes in the U.S.

36. IV. The Great Strikes Haymarket Riot – 1886
- workers wanted an 8 hr. work day
- fight broke out between the strikers and scabs at the Chicago McCormick Reaper factory
- bomb thrown by someone in Haymarket Square killed 7 police officers
- riot followed with dozens killed on both sides

37. IV. The Great Strikes
Homestead Strike – 1892 – wages cut by Carnegie Steel – strike began in Homestead, PA – several killed
Pullman Strike – 1894 – the last of the great strikes
-sleeping car maker George Pullman cut wages by 25% and laid off several workers

38. IV. The Great Strikes
-120,000 railroad workers eventually joined the strike
-federal gov’t ended the strike because the mail had to get through
-increased federal involvement in labor strikes