1. The War and Civil Rights

2. On the Move ► ► Migration ► ► Moved from East to West and from North to South ► ► California had some of the biggest gains in population with San Diego growing quickest of all Cali cities

3. Boomtowns ► ► San Diego- Naval Facilities ► ► Mobile Alabama- Shipyards ► ► New population created issues:   Not enough housing   Schools lacked space, teachers, and money   Water and plumbing were unsanitary

4. Racial Tensions Go Pop ► ► Midwesterners call southern migrants “Hillbillies.” ► ► Detroit Riots ► ► June 1943   African Americans and sailors fight   Next day sailors roam the city beating and killing African-Americans   34 were killed ► ► Zoot Suit Riots   Summer 1943   Mexican-Americans and sailors   Sailors cruised mexican neighborhoods beating teenagers with batons   Police arrest only Zoot Suiters

5. Family Issues ► ► Moms and Dads had to work so children were left to fend for themselves ► ► Teenage workers went to 2.9 million ► ► 1+ million dropped out of school ► ► Child labor laws ignored ► ► Juvenile violence and crime jumped exponentially

6. End of New Deal ► ► New Deal programs ended in December 1943 ► ► Workweek hours were increased to 48 and other labor laws changed or ignored to help the war effort ► ► Deficit spending- using borrowed money, became the norm in order to avoid economic downturn ► ► Roosevelt reelected to 4 th consecutive term in 1944 ► ► Issues now facing America included: housing shortages, overcrowding, breakdowns of law and order, and juvenile crime.

7. Issue of Race ► Hitler’s race discrimination made minorities in the United States aware of the problems here in America ► Unequal treatment of African Americans ► Japanese internment camps

8. Racism ► Belief that race determines human capacities and that some races are superior to others ► Such beliefs were the basis for segregation and discrimination ► Science had proven that racial traits were a product of environmental influences ► Move from south increases political influence

10. Civil Rights Gains ► A. Philip Randolph was the father of the Civil Rights movement ► Appalled by discrimination in the armed forces as well as high paying jobs in government aided businesses ► Organized a March on Washington

12. Roosevelt / Randolph Compromise ► Roosevelt wanted to prevent the march ► National image and safety ► They finally sat down / 3 items  Gov’t contracts denied to those that discriminate  Abolish segregation in federal agencies  Desegregation of the armed forces

13. Other Victories ► Randolph’s success breeds more groups ► Non violent/ sit-ins, boycotts, marches ► NAACP membership growing ► Education, political pressure, legal action

15. Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) ► Limited power – could recommend a contractor lose its contract but in wartime the gov’t was not likely to cancel contracts ► FEPC ineffective against railroads ► Battles with congress (communist) plus struggle for funding ► Prior to end of war funding cut in half and then dissolved

17. Internment Camps Spring 1942 120,000 Japanese Americans moved from their homes to relocation camps 1/3 foreign born Easily singled out and a lack of political power They were forced to sell possessions and only take a few items with them 5 cents to the dollar (approx.500 million loss)

18. Life in Camps ► Warm in summer / cold in the winter ► Some released to do jobs in the interior U.S ► Tried to live normal lives  Newspapers  Schools  Churches  Boy scouts  Softball leagues

19. Supreme Court ► Rulings upheld policies toward Japanese Americans ► Judiciary cannot second guess military decisions ► One justices against said it was legalized racism