1. Drill – 10/25 1.Write the nuclear equation for the alpha decay of Pu-239 2.Write the nuclear equation for the electron capture of Argon-37.

2. Test on Thursday – 10/28 From Chapter 3: –Atomic number, Average Atomic Mass, Mass # –Protons, neutrons, electrons –Ions & Isotopes –Calculating average atomic mass –Atomic Structure History (know famous scientists/experiments/atomic models) –Mole, Molar mass, & Avogadro’s number –Converting between moles, mass, & particles From Chapter 21: –Balancing nuclear reactions –Types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma, positron, electron capture) –Why radioactive decay occurs –Half-life –Fusion & Fission

3. Nuclear Fission and Fusion

4. RadiationComposition & Symbol Is shielded or stopped by? Alpha Beta Gamma

5. Shielding Radiation, aluminum

6. Alpha & beta do not cause internal harm to humans Gamma radiation harms living cells. It is used to clean medical equipment and irradiation of bacteria from foods. Gamma radiation can break DNA strands and cause mutations (ex. in the gene to suppress tumor production and the gene to repair DNA), causing cancer. Gamma radiation can also treat cancer by killing cancer cells. The radiation is directed at cancer cells and kills them first because they are replicating the fastest.

7. Nuclear Fission A heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass.

8. A-bombs Atomic bombs are an example of Fission Reactions. “Little boy” and “Fat man” were Atomic bombs made from fission reactions with uranium and plutonium respectively. A fission chain reaction is started and continues until the bomb destroys itself.

9. Nuclear Power Plants map: Nuclear Energy Institute

10. Nuclear Power Plants Uranium-235 undergoes nuclear fission and releases thermal (heat) energy. This turns water to steam which spins turbines. The turbines produce electrical energy. Nuclear waste is fuel rods with unreacted uranium and radioactive products of fission. Right now this waste is buried in waste management facilities, like Yucca Mountain.

12. Nuclear Fusion Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus. Requires high temperatures and/or pressure and often a fission reaction to get the initial particles.

13. Hydrogen Bombs Hydrogen bombs are an example of nuclear fusion. Two isotopes of hydrogen, 2 H and 3 H, fuse together to produce a lot of energy in the process. H-bombs release significantly more energy than atomic bombs.

14. The Sun: Nuclear Fusion Sun + + Four hydrogen nuclei (protons) Two beta particles (electrons) One helium nucleus + Energy

15. Nuclear FissionNuclear Fusion

16. Nuclear FissionNuclear Fusion A heavy atom splits into two or more lighter nuclei Ex: Atomic Bombs & Nuclear reactors High temp and pressure are used to combine light atoms to make heavier atoms Ex: Fuels the sun and stars & Hydrogen Bombs Release huge amounts of energy Produce nuclear waste