1. Aquatic Biodiversity Chapter 8

2. Why do we live on the planet Earth? Should it be called the planet ocean?

3. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs?  Read the core case study, “Why should we care about the Coral Reefs. P. 126  List five (5) economic and environmental services coral reefs provide. (10 total)

4. Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? (2)  Degradation and decline Coastal development Pollution Overfishing Warmer ocean temperatures leading to coral bleaching occurs when the algae the coral feeds on dies out--- Increasing ocean acidity

5. Most of the Earth Is Covered with Water (2)  Aquatic life zones (71 % of the Earth’s surface) Saltwater: marine Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelines Coral reefs Mangrove forests

6. Distribution of the World’s Major Saltwater and Freshwater Sources

7. So, what causes the tides

8. 90% of all marine species are found in the coastal zone Page 130 in book

9. Fig. 8-5, p. 166 Low tide Coastal Zone Open Sea Depth in meters High tide Sun Sea level 50 Estuarine Zone Euphotic Zone 100 Photosynthesis Continental shelf 200 Bathyal Zone 500 1,000 Twilight 1,500 Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline. Abyssal Zone 2,000 3,000 4,000 Darkness 5,000 10,000 051015202530 0 Water temperature (°C)

10. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (2)  Key factors in the distribution of organisms Temperature Dissolved oxygen content Availability of food Availability of light and nutrients needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic, or aphotic

11. Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine Systems

12. Fig. 8-4, p. 165 Marine Ecosystems Economic Services Climate moderation Food CO 2 absorption Animal and pet feed Nutrient cycling Pharmaceuticals Harbors and transportation routes Waste treatment Reduced storm impact (mangroves, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) Coastal habitats for humans Recreation Habitats and nursery areas Employment Genetic resources and biodiversity Oil and natural gas Minerals Scientific information Building materials Ecological Services NATURAL CAPITAL

13. Most Aquatic Species Live in Top, Middle, or Bottom Layers of Water (1)  Plankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Ultraplankton  Nekton  Benthos  Decomposers

14. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (1)  Estuaries and coastal wetlands include River mouths Inlets Bays Sounds Salt marshes Mangrove forests These areas are rich in nutrients and thus are very biologically productive.

15. View of an Estuary from Space

16. Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands Are Highly Productive (2)  Important ecological and economic services Coastal aquatic systems maintain water quality by filtering Toxic pollutants Excess plant nutrients Sediments Absorb other pollutants Provide food, timber, fuelwood, and habitats Reduce storm damage and coast erosion

17. Some Components and Interactions in a Salt Marsh Ecosystem in a Temperate Area

18. Fig. 8-7a, p. 167 Herring gulls Peregrine falcon Snowy egret Cordgrass Short-billed dowitcher Marsh periwinkle Phytoplankton Smelt Zooplankton and small crustaceans Soft-shelled clam Clamworm Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All consumers and producers to decomposers

19. So, what do food webs and light bulbs have in common?

20. Fig. 8-7b, p. 167

21. Mangrove Forest in Daintree National Park in Queensland, Australia

22. Rocky and Sandy Shores Host Different Types of Organisms  Intertidal zone Rocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beaches We find 90% of all species here.  Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily salinity and moisture changes  Importance of sand dunes p. 133

23. Adaptations for intertidal zone Cling, hold on Dig in! A clam digs in with its foot.

24. Fig. 8-9, p. 169 Rocky Shore Beach Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab High tide Periwinkle Sea urchin Anemone Mussel Low tide Sculpin Barnacles KelpSea lettuce Monterey flatworm Beach flea Nudibranch Peanut worm Tiger beetle Barrier Beach Blue crabClam Dwarf olive High tide Sandpiper Ghost shrimp Silversides Low tide Mole shrimp White sand macoma Sand dollar Moon snail

25. Beach flea Peanut worm Tiger beetle Barrier Beach Blue crab Clam Dwarf olive High tide Sandpiper Ghost shrimp Silversides Low tide Mole shrimp White sand macoma Sand dollar Moon snail Fig. 8-9, p. 169 Rocky Shore Beach Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab High tide Periwinkle Sea urchin Anemone Mussel Low tide Sculpin Barnacles Kelp Sea lettuce Monterey flatworm Nudibranch Stepped Art

26. Coral Reefs Are Amazing Centers of Biodiversity  Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests. Coral need fairly shallow water that is warm.  Habitats for one-fourth of all marine species

27. Natural Capital: Some Components and Interactions in a Coral Reef Ecosystem

28. Fig. 8-11, p. 171 Gray reef shark Sea nettle Green sea turtle Blue tang Fairy basslet Parrot fish Sergeant major Hard corals Algae Brittle star Banded coral shrimp Phytoplankton Symbiotic algae Coney Zooplankton Blackcap basslet Sponges Moray eel Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All consumers and producers to decomposers

29. The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species  Vertical zones of the open sea Euphotic zone What would be expect about DO in this area of the ocean? What about the water TEMPERATURE? Bathyal zone Abyssal zone: receives marine snow rich in nutrients Read page 135 on ocean topography Deposit feeders Filter feeders Upwellings (retro concept)  Primary productivity and NPP

30. Fig. 8-10, p. 170 OceanBeachPrimary Dune TroughSecondary Dune Back DuneBay or Lagoon Recreation, no building Walkways, no building Limited recreation and walkways Walkways, no building Most suitable for development Recreation Grasses or shrubs Bay shore Taller shrubs Taller shrubs and trees

31. Case Study: Dams, Deltas, Wetlands, Hurricanes, and New Orleans  Coastal deltas, mangrove forests, and coastal wetlands: natural protection against storms read page 140 on Dams, Deltas and Wetlands.  Dams and levees reduce sediments in deltas: significance?  New Orleans, Louisiana, and Hurricane Katrina: August 29, 2005  Global warming, sea rise, and New Orleans

32. New Orleans, Louisiana, (U.S.) and Hurricane Katrina

33. Projection of New Orleans if the Sea Level Rises 0.9 Meter

34. Chesapeake Bay

35. Human Activities Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine Systems  Major threats to marine systems Coastal development Overfishing Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat destruction Introduction of invasive species Climate change from human activities Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries

36. Threats to marine ecosystems. Point source or non point source pollution?

38. Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (1)  Standing (lentic) bodies of freshwater Lakes Ponds Inland wetlands  Flowing (lotic) systems of freshwater Streams Rivers

39. Water Stands in Some Freshwater Systems and Flows in Others (2)  Formation of lakes  Four zones based on depth and distance from shore Littoral zone most productive zone due, shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate. Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone

40. Fig. 8-14, p. 174 NATURAL CAPITAL Freshwater Systems Ecological Services Economic Services Climate moderationFood Nutrient cycling Drinking water Waste treatment Irrigation water Flood control Hydroelectricity Groundwater recharge Habitats for many species Transportation corridors Genetic resources and biodiversity Recreation Scientific information Employment

41. Distinct Zones of Life in a Fairly Deep Temperate Zone Lake

42. Phosphates and nitrates are plant nutrients. Eutrophic lake  Rich in nutrients, or has excess plant nutrients associated with older established lakes. If too rich in phosphates and nitrates the lake might have excess plant and algae growth. Algal blooms Oligotrophic lake  a lake with a low supply of plant nutrients. Might be associated with a newly formed lake

43. Freshwater Streams and Rivers Carry Water from the Mountains to the Oceans  Surface water water that does not infilltrate or percolate into the ground  It will  Runoff-freshwater from precipitation and melting snow flows on the Earth’s surface into nearby streams lakes and wetlands.  Watershed-land area that delivers water, sediment and dissolved substances via small streams into larger rivers. 

44. Broad river watershed

45. Waterfall Lake Glacier Rain and snow Rapids Source Zone Fig. 8-17, p. 176 Transition Zone Tributary Flood plain Oxbow lake Salt marsh Delta Deposited sediment Ocean Water Sediment Floodplain Zone Stepped Art

46. Freshwater Inland Wetlands Are Vital Sponges (2)  Provide free ecological and economic services Filter and degrade toxic wastes Reduce flooding and erosion Help to replenish streams and recharge groundwater aquifers Biodiversity Food and timber Recreation areas