1. Conducted by: Carol Wee Contents by : Su-Lin & Bissy Date : 12 th Aug. 2014

2.  Legislation & Case Law  Singapore  UK  Australia

4. Introduction The 2 main sources of legislation in Singapore today are : I. Statutes of the Republic of Singapore (primary legislation) Print: K7399 1985 II. Subsidiary Legislation of the Republic of Singapore (secondary legislation) Print: K7449 1990

5. The Legislature, the law-making body in Singapore, is made up of o the President o the Parliament of Singapore. A Bill becomes law when it is o passed by Parliament and o assented to by the President. But an Act only comes into force on o a date determined by the Minister and o notified by a commencement Notification in the Gazette. The Legislative Process

6. The following is an account of the legislative process in a nutshell. This relates only to Government Bills. The passage of the Act or Statute is traced from its origins as a Bill to the time it is gazetted. The bodies involved and the documents published at each stage of the process are listed. The Legislative Process

7. From Bill to Act: Attorney-General’s Chambers Drafting and Vetting Government bill Parliament Introduction/ First Reading Bill Parliamentary debate Second Reading Bill Parliamentary debate Committee Stage Committee of the whole House Bill Parliamentary debate Select Committee Bill Select Committee report Third Reading Bill Parliamentary debate Presidential Council for Minority Rights Bill Presidential Assent Bill to Act Government Printer Gazetting Act ( comes into force on date determined by Minister in charge of Act and notified by a commencement Notification in the Gazette )

8. The Legislative Process From Bill to Act: Bill SupplementAct Supplement Print: K7499 SB Print: K7399 SA

9. The Legislative Process From Bill to Act: Parliamentary DebateSelect Committee Report Print: J618 SLAD Print: K7524 …

10. The Legislative Process The Act and its amendments: The ActAmendments to Act Consolidation of amendments Consolidated Version of Act: Online: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/ Rules made pursuant to Act: Singapore Subsidiary Legislation Print: K7449 1990 Act Supplement E.g. 20 of 1998 Print: K7399 SA Subsidiary Legislation Supplement E.g. S 404/2000 Print: K7449 SLS Substantial amendments to Act: Revised Edition of Act (authoritative version) Print: K7399 1985 Bill Parliamentary debate/ Select committee report

11. The Legislative Process The Act and its amendments: Revised Editions of the Singapore Statutes 1955 Rev. Ed.1970 Rev. Ed.1985 Rev. Ed.

12. The Legislative Process For more details, refer to the following websites: Attorney-General’s Chambers of Singapore, The Legislative Process, http://www.agc.gov.sg/llrd/legislative_process.htm http://www.agc.gov.sg/llrd/legislative_process.htm Attorney-General’s Chambers of Singapore, Revised Editions of Laws, http://www.agc.gov.sg/publications/revised_edition_of_law.htm http://www.agc.gov.sg/publications/revised_edition_of_law.htm Parliament of Singapore, How are Laws Made? http://www.parliament.gov.sg/parliament-information Parliament of Singapore, Standing Orders, http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications/standing-orders-parliament- singapore http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications/standing-orders-parliament- singapore See also: Parliament of Singapore, Parliamentary Glossary, http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications/a http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications/a

13. Title of Act and Chapter No. Original Act Current Rev. Ed. Date current Rev. Ed. came into effect Previous Rev. Eds. 1994 Rev. Ed. amended by: Act Supplements & Subsidiary Legislation Supplements E.g. Companies Act (Cap. 50, 2006 Rev. Ed. Sing.) Legislative History

14. E.g. Companies Act (Cap. 50, 2006 Rev. Ed. Sing.) The Legislative History of the Companies Act is located towards the back of the Act. This is a useful research tool as it contains the list of Acts that amended the earlier editions of the Companies Act, together with information on related Parliamentary Debates. Legislative History

15. Things to note: Changes to “Principal Act” (1994 Rev. Ed.) made by: Amendment Act Other amending Acts Dates of Parliamentary Debates Dates of commencement of Amendment & amending Acts E.g. Companies Act (Cap. 50, 2006 Rev. Ed. Sing.) Legislative History

16. 16 For changes to the 2006 Rev. Ed., refer to the list of amendments to the Companies Act on Singapore Statutes Online: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/. The legislative history is located in the top panel on the first page.http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/ E.g. Companies Act (Cap. 50, 2006 Rev. Ed. Sing.) Legislative History Search for Act Or Browse Alphabetical list

17. Today, Acts are laws passed by Parliament and assented to by the President. In earlier times, bodies like the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements had power to legislate for Singapore. Different terminology was used then to refer to legislation, e.g. Ordinances. Such legislation may still be in force today if they have not been repealed. Therefore, legislation in force today may emanate from different periods of legislative history (see table on next slide). History of the Acts

18. PeriodTitle 1823 Raffles Regulations (validity disputed) 1830 Penang Governor’s Regulations (validity of some disputed) 1830-1834 Bengal Regulations 1834-1867 Indian Acts 1867-1942 Straits Settlements Acts and Ordinances 1942-1945 Japanese Military Administration Proclamations, Legislative Enactments, etc. (all repealed by the British Military Administration after the war) 1945-1946 British Military Administration Proclamations 1946-1959 Colony of Singapore Acts and Ordinances 1959-1963 Colony of the State of Singapore Acts and Ordinances 1963-1965 Federation of Malaysia Acts of Parliament/ State of Singapore Acts of the Legislature 1965- Statutes of the Republic of Singapore History of the Acts

19. I. Statutes VersionLocation Rev. Ed. (1985-) (print) *K7399 1985 (current eds. at Law Library Loans Desk) Rev. Ed. (1985-) (online) LawNet: Law students access via Faculty of Law ResourcesFaculty of Law Resources Consolidated version (online) Singapore Statutes Online: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/ http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/ Where to find it

20. II. Subsidiary Legislation VersionLocation Rev. Ed. (1990-) (print) *K7449 1990 (updated set in Singapore- Malaysia Collection) Rev. Ed. (1990-) (online) LawNet: Law students access via Faculty of Law ResourcesFaculty of Law Resources Where to find it

21. III. Bills (including Explanatory Statements & Table of Derivations) VersionLocation Government Gazette. Bills Supplement (1963-) (print) *K7499 SB Government Gazette. Bills Supplement (1961-) (online) LawNet (1961-): Law students access via Faculty of Law ResourcesFaculty of Law Resources Parliament of Singapore (1 Apr 2002-): http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications/B ills-Introduced Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

22. IV. Parliamentary Debates or Hansard VersionLocation Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, incl. Legislative Assembly Debates (1956-) (print) *J618 SLAD Singapore Parliament Reports (online) LawNet (incl. Legislative Assembly Debates; 1955-): Law students access via Faculty of Law ResourcesFaculty of Law Resources Parliament of Singapore (2 Nov 2006-): http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications- singapore-parliament-reports http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications- singapore-parliament-reports Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

23. IV. Select Committee Reports VersionLocation Report of the Select Committee on the … (1950-) (print) *K7524 … Select Committee Reports (online) LawNet (1955-): Law students access via Faculty of Law ResourcesFaculty of Law Resources Parliament of Singapore (15 Nov 2006-): http://www.parliament.gov.sg/publications- select-committee-reports *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC Where to find it

24. Both alphabetical and subject indexes are useful in locating statutes. Print indexes are more useful for researching older statutes. Online indexes are preferred for searching for current statutes as they are more up-to-date and are often linked to the full texts of statutes.

25. Singapore Print Statutes of the Republic of Singapore Alphabetical List of Public Acts Subject Index to Acts Ref: K7399 1985 (available at Loans Desk) Sesquicentennial Chronological Tables of the Written Laws of the Republic of Singapore 1834-1984 Ref: K7574 1984 Online LawNet (Rev. Ed. of Acts): Access: Law Proxy serviceLaw Proxy service Singapore Statutes Online (Consolidated Version): http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/

26. Major Law reports The 2 principle sets of law reports in Singapore are:  Singapore Law Reports (SLR) Coverage of cases from 1965.  Malayan Law Journal (MLJ) Contains both Singapore and Malaysian cases. Coverage of Singapore cases from 1932 to 1991. Not all cases are reported. A case is only selected for reporting if it raises a point of legal significance. Therefore, only a small proportion of cases are reported, and these are mainly from the Supreme Court (i.e. High Court, Court of Appeal and Constitutional Tribunal)

27. Major Law reports Singapore Law ReportsMalayan Law Journal Print: K7599 SLRK7599 SLR Print: K7599 MLJK7599 MLJ Online: LawNet (For: NUS Faculty of Law; Other NUS staff & students)NUS Faculty of LawOther NUS staff & students

28. The Academy of Law has re-issued the Singapore Law Reports from 1965 through 2009 with re-written headnotes for the reports from 1965–2002, and re-edited judgment texts that conform to the SAL house-style. This set of reports is called the Singapore Law Reports (Reissue). Both the original SLR volumes from 1965 to 2002 and the Reissue are equally authoritative as each judgment reported in both remains in substance, though not in form, the same. Print: K7599 SLRK7599 SLR Online: LawNet (For: NUS Faculty of Law; Other NUS staff & students)NUS Faculty of LawOther NUS staff & students Major Law reports

29.  Unreported Judgments These are full text transcripts of written judgments as handed down in the Subordinate Courts, the High Court and Court of Appeal. They are available on LawNet (see page 9). Earlier judgments are also available in print in the law library: Ref: K7599 CA (Court of Appeal, Civil Appeals) K7599 CRA (Court of Appeal, Criminal Appeals) K7599 DC (District Court) K7599 J (High Court) K7599 MC (Magistrates’ Court) “Case Law & Decisions” of the Subordinate Courts and Supreme Court are also available for free for the last 3 months in LawNet under its links to Free Resources.Free Resources Other current sources of law

30.  Decisions of Boards/Tribunals The decisions of various tribunals and boards are available in full text in LawNet. Most of these decisions are not available in print elsewhere. They include decisions of the: Copyright Tribunal Income Tax Board of Review Military Court of Appeal Strata Titles Boards Syariah Appeal Board. LawNet access: NUS Faculty of Law; Other NUS staff & studentsNUS Faculty of LawOther NUS staff & students Other current sources of law

31. There are several discontinued series of law reports that contain older cases from the courts of Singapore, Malaya and Borneo. A complete listing of these reports can be found on p.vii- viii of Mallal’s Digest: Consolidated Table of Cases 2009 Reissue under the section entitled “Reports and Publications and Their Abbreviations”. (Print: K7599.3 Md) Here is a reverse chronological list of a selection of old law reports: TitleAbbreviationPublication DateRef Colony of Singapore Law Reports (previously called Singapore Law Reports) SLR1954-1957 (covers 1953-1956) 1950-1951 (covers 1946-1949) K7599 SLR Straits Settlements Law Reports SSLR1927-1950 (new series) (covers 1926-1942) 1893-1931 (old series) (covers 1867-1922) K7596 SSLR Federated Malay States Law Reports FMSLR1922-1941 (covers 1906-1940) K7600 FMSLR Straits Law JournalSLJ1888-1892K7596 SLJ Kyshe’s ReportsKy1885-1890 (covers 1808-1884) K7596 Ky Straits Law ReportsSLR Leic1877 (covers 1827-1875) K7596 SLR Discontinued series

32. Singapore 1. Indexes to Law Reports Singapore Law Reports (Reissue): Comparative Table of Citations & Table of Cases Reported 1965 to 2009 Ref: K7599 SLR Singapore Law Reports (Reissue): Subject Index Ref: K7599 SLR The Malayan Law Journal: Consolidated Tables & Indexes … Ref: K7599 MLJ 2. Indexes with Abstracts of Cases Mallal’s Digest of Malaysian and Singapore case law. Ref: K7599.3 Md This set is accompanied by: Mallal's Digest: Consolidated Table of Cases 2009 Reissue Ref: K7599.3 Md Mallal’s Digest: Consolidated Subject Index 1808 to 2009 Ref: K7599.3 Md 2009

33. Example: Finding Cases on a Particular Subject Using Mallal’s Digest of Malaysian and Singapore Case Law (4th Ed.) Q. What is the quantum of damages for head injury? Step 1: The volumes in this set are arranged in alphabetical order according to broad subject areas. Determine the broad subject area of your research. In this case, it is “damages”. Next, check the range of subjects covered in each volume of the Digest by referring to the front cover. In this case, digests of cases on “Damages (Personal Injury or Death)” are contained in Volume 6. Singapore

34. Q. What is the quantum of damages for head injury? Step 2: Check the “Subject Index” in Volume 6 for references to the specific subject area. You will find cases on quantum of damages for “head injury” listed under “DAMAGES (PERSONAL INJURY OR DEATH) – Quantum – Head injury”. Refer to the paragraphs listed in the “Subject index” for the required case abstracts. Each case abstract is accompanied by a case citation. Note: Remember to determine the currency of the cases in the volume of the Digest you are referring to by checking the title page. For instance, Volume 6 (2010 Reissue) currently contains cases decided up to the Dec 2009 issue of Mallal’s Current Law. Singapore

35. Q. What is the quantum of damages for head injury? Step 2 (contd.): 35 Refer to these paragraphs for cases on damages for head injuries/injury Cases on quantum of damages Subject Index in Mallal’s Digest Volume 6 Singapore

36. Q. What is the quantum of damages for head injury? Step 2 (contd.): 36 Case citation Paragraph no. Damages awarded for brain injury Singapore

37. For more recent decisions, you may refer to: Mallal’s Digest [Yearbooks] Search the “Subject Index” within each volume. Ref: K7599.3 MDY Mallal’s Current Law Search the “Table of Cases Digested’ and/or “Subject Index” at the back of each issue. Use this for the current or previous year’s cases. Ref: K7599.3 MCL Singapore

39. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of 4 countries forming 3 distinct jurisdictions, being England and Wales; Scotland and Northern Ireland. Since 1999, Scotland and Northern Ireland have had legislative bodies capable of producing primary legislation for those regions. In Wales, the powers of the National Assembly are limited to producing only secondary legislation. Introduction

40. The scope of this tutorial will be limited to researching legislation produced by the United Kingdom Parliament for the entire region. The 2 main sources of UK legislation are: I. Acts of Parliament (primary legislation) a. Public General Acts b. Local and Personal Acts II. Statutory Instruments (secondary legislation). Introduction

41. I. Acts of Parliament VersionNotesLocation Public General Acts. Queen’s Printer copy Individual Acts as originally enacted. Incl Explanatory Notes where available. 1988- (selected statutes fr. 1800-1987) legislation.gov.uk: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/ http://www.legislation. gov.uk/ Public General Acts …Annual bound volumes. 1952- 1866-1951 *K2011 PG *K2011 P The Law Reports. Statutes Reprint of the Public General Acts. 1987-2003 *K2011 P CL Closed Stacks Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

42. Where to find it I. Acts of Parliament (contd.) VersionNotesLocation Statutes in ForceOfficial compilation. 1972-1985 *K2010 1972 CL Closed Stacks Revised legislationThe official revised edition of the primary legislation of the United Kingdom legislation.gov.uk: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ Butterworths UK statutes Amended text of all Acts in force Lexis Singapore: Access via NUS Libraries PortalNUS Libraries Portal *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

43. Where to find it I. Acts of Parliament (contd.) VersionNotesLocation Current Law Statutes Annotated Contains annotations. 1966/67, 1973, 1979- *KB3 CLSA Halsbury’s Statutes of England and Wales (4 th ed.) Revised text of all Acts in force; with annotations *K2016 Hal *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

44. II. Early English Statutes VersionNotesLocation Statutes at Large (generic title) 1225-1865. Includes Magna Carta *K2011 LP Statutes of the Realm1235-1713. Includes charters from 1101-1301 *K2016 Sta CL Closed Stacks Online via HeinOnlineHeinOnline Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum 1642-1660*K2015 Fir CL Closed Stacks Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

45. III. Statutory Instruments CategoryNotesLocation Statutory Instruments Print. 1956-2004 Online. Includes Explanatory Memorandum where available. *K2012 SI legislation.gov.uk: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/ http://www.legislation. gov.uk/ Statutory Rules & Orders and Statutory Instruments Revised to December 31, 1948 *K2012 1948 Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

46. UK Statutes and Statutory Instruments Where to find it

47. IV. Bills (including Explanatory Notes) VersionLocation Public Bills (print) - Public Bills Before Parliament. 2002- (online) United Kingdom Parliament: http://www.parliament.uk/business/ bills-and-legislation/ Where to find it

48. V. Parliamentary Debates: Official Report or Hansard CategoryLocation House of Commons Print: 1909-1984 Online: 1988- 1803-2004 *J301 H2C CL Closed Stacks United Kingdom Parliament: http://www.parliament.uk/business/publicati ons/hansard/commons/ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commo ns Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

49. V. Parliamentary Debates: Official Report or Hansard (contd.) CategoryLocation House of Lords Print: 1909-1985 Online: 1995- 1803-2005 *J301 H2L CL Closed Stacks United Kingdom Parliament: http://www.parliament.uk/business/publicati ons/hansard/lords/ http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/ Where to find it *Refer to LINC for exact location in libraryLINC

50. UK Print Halsbury’s Statutes: Consolidated Index … Including Alphabetical and Chronological Lists of Statutes Printed in the Volumes Ref: K2016 Hal Chronological Table of the Statutes (1235-1975; 1976-2008; 2009) Ref: K2017 Gre Index to the Statutes (1235-1990) Ref: K2017 Gre

51. UK Online Legislation.co.uk Official website for UK legislation http://www.legislation.gov.uk/

52. Modern Law Reports 1.The Law Reports (1865-)  The official set of law reports published by the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for England and Wales  Text of each report is reviewed by judges before publication  So, it takes between 10 and 14 months to report cases  The only set of reports that has a summary of the arguments of counsel  The High Court and the Court of Appeal require that where a case has been reported in the Law Reports, it must be cited from that source. Other series may only be used when a case is not reported in the Law Reports. See Practice Direction (Judgments: Form Citation) (Supreme Court) [2001] 1 WLR 194.

53. 1.The Law Reports (1865-) (contd.) The 4 current series of the law reports are: TitleReports Decisions ofPrint Appeal Cases (AC) House of Lords, Privy Council & Court of Justice of the European Communities K2022 4C Queen’s Bench (QB) Queen’s Bench & Court of Appeal & ECJ on appeal from QB K2022 2E Family (Fam) Family Division & Court of Appeal on appeal from Fam D K2022 1C Chancery (Ch) Chancery Division & Court of Appeal on appeal from Ch D K2022 3B Online access via ICLRICLR Modern Law Reports

54. 2. The Weekly Law Reports (WLR) (1953-) Timely, full text reports. Print: K2020 WNR Online access via ICLRICLR 3. All England Law Reports (All ER) (1936-) Timely, full text reports; contains editorial notes. Print: K2020 AELR Online via Lexis LibraryLexis Library 4. Specialist series Contain a selection of cases in a discrete practice area. e.g. Lloyds Law Reports (maritime and commercial law) Print: K2020 LLLR Online access via i-lawi-law Modern Law Reports

55. 5. Newspapers Brief, edited reports. e.g. The Times Law Reports Print: K2020 TR/ K2020 TLR Online access via Lexis SingaporeLexis Singapore 6. Unreported judgments These are not available in print in the Law Library, but a selection are available online. Online access via Lexis Singapore BAILLI (free access)Lexis SingaporeBAILLI

56. The Nominate Reports The Nominate Reports refer to the various published reports of English cases from the Middle Ages to the 1860s. They are known by the names of the reporters and have been reprinted in: 1.The English Reports (1220-1865) Most comprehensive compilation. 176 volumes of cases & 2 index vols. Print : Call number K2020 ER Online access via HeinOnlineHeinOnline CommonLIICommonLII (free access) 2.The All England Law Reports Reprint (1558-1935) Criterion for inclusion: present day relevance or value to the legal profession. Ref: K2020 AE/ K2020 AEE (extension volumes) Online access via Lexis LibraryLexis Library

57. The Nominate Reports The English Reports Ref: K2020 ER

58. 1. Indexes to Law Reports The Law Reports Index (1951- ) Covers cases reported in the Law Reports as well as the Weekly Law Reports, All England Law Reports, Lloyd’s Law Reports and various other law reports. Ref: K2022 I All England Law Reports: Consolidated Tables and Index (1936-) Ref: K2020 AELR The English Reports Index of Cases (Vol. 177 & 178) Alphabetical listing of cases. Use this if you know the name of the case. Ref: K2020 ER English Reports Wall Chart Use this when you only have the citation to the case, but not the names of the parties (e.g. I Keb. 434) Location: On wall opposite C J Koh Law Library Information Desk UK

59. 2. Indexes with Abstracts of Cases The Digest This series has both a Consolidated Table of Cases and an Index to subjects. Ref: K2028 EED Current Law Yearbook and Current Law Monthly Digest Yearbook - Volume 1 for each year contains a “Table of Cases” covering the law from 1 Jan to 31 Dec for that year. Ref: KB3 CLY Monthly Digest – the latest issue for the current year contains a “Cumulative Table of Cases” and “Cumulative Index” to subjects for the year up to that month. Ref: KB3 CL UK

61. Introduction The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of states. As such, Australian citizens are subject to laws made by both the Commonwealth Parliament and the parliament of the state or territory in which they reside. Copyright © 2009 Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Australian Government

62. Introduction This scope of this tutorial will be limited to researching Commonwealth legislation only. The 2 main sources of Australian legislation are: I. Acts of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia (primary legislation) II. Statutory Rules made under the Acts of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia (secondary legislation).

63. I. Acts of the Parliament VersionNotesLocation Acts of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia passed during the year... Print. 1901- Online.1973- *K9002 AA ComLaw: http://www.comlaw.gov.a u/ Reprinted Acts1979-*K9002 R Compilations (Consolidated) Current/ Superseded versions (point- in-time) ComLaw: http://www.comlaw.gov.a u/ * Refer to LINC for exact locationLINC Where to find it

64. Acts of Parliament Print: K9002 AA Where to find it

65. II. Statutory Rules VersionNotesLocation Statutory rules made under … during the year … Print. 1959-2004 Online. 1920- *K9003 1956 S ComLaw: http://www.comlaw.gov. au/ Reprinted Statutory Rules 1979-*K9003 R Compilations (Consolidated) Current/ Superseded versions (point-in-time) ComLaw: http://www.comlaw.gov. au/ Where to find it * Refer to LINC for exact locationLINC

66. III. Bills (including Explanatory Memoranda) VersionLocation Print- Online (1995-) Parliament of Australia: http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Busine ss/Bills_Legislation Where to find it

67. IV. Parliamentary Debates or Hansard VersionLocation Print- Online (1996-) Parliament of Australia: http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/H ansard Where to find it Note: There are two Houses of Parliament. Parliamentary Debates are contained In the Senate Hansard and House of Representatives Hansard.

68. Australia Print Federal Statutes Annotations See “Table of Principal Acts” in Volume 1 Ref: K9006.5 Fsa Online AustLii Consolidated legislation for Commonwealth, state & territories http://www.austlii.edu.au/ ComLaw “ As made” and consolidated Commonwealth legislation http://www.comlaw.gov.au/

69. Law Reports 1.Commonwealth Law Reports (CLR) (1903-)  Authorised report  Reports decisions of the High Court. Print: K9011 CLR Online: WestLaw via Law Proxy ServiceLaw Proxy Service 2. Federal Court Reports (FCR) (1984-)  Authorised report  Reports decisions of the Federal Court of Australia. Print: K9011 FCR Online: WestLaw via Law Proxy ServiceLaw Proxy Service 3. Federal Law Reports (FLR) (1956-)  Reports decisions of courts of Federal jurisdiction, except High Court. Print: K9011 FLR Online: WestLaw via Law Proxy ServiceLaw Proxy Service

70. 4. Australian Law Journal Reports (ALJR) (1958-)  Reports decisions of the High Court  Before 1958, these reports were included in the Australian Law Journal  Current issues also incorporated into the Australian Law Journal. Print: K9011 ALJR 5. Australian Law Reports (ALR) (1973-)  Reports decisions of the High Court and other cases determining Federal law  Also contains the Australian Capital Territory Reports (ACTR) and Northern Territory Reports (NTR)  Replaces the Argus Law Reports (ALR) Print: K9011 ALR Online: LexisNexis AU via NUS Libraries ResourcesNUS Libraries Resources Law Reports

71. 6. Authorised Reports from the States and Territories (a) New South Wales Law Reports (NSWLR) (1971-) Print: K9051 NSR Online: LexisNexis Au via NUS Libraries ResourcesNUS Libraries Resources (b) Northern Territory Law Reports (NTLR) (1992-)  Authorised report  Reports decisions of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory. Print: K9011 NTLR (c) Queensland Reports (Qd R) (1958-) Print: K9091 SQR Online: LexisNexis Au via NUS Libraries ResourcesNUS Libraries Resources (d) South Australian State Reports (SASR) (1971-) Print: K9111 SRSA Online: WestLaw via Law Proxy ServiceLaw Proxy Service Law Reports

72. 6. Authorised Reports from the Various States (contd.) (e) Tasmanian Reports (Tas R) (1981-)  Continues Tasmanian State Reports (1897-1980) Print: K9131 TSC (f) Victorian Reports (VR) (1957-)  Continues Victorian Law Reports (1876-1956) Print: K9151 TR Online: LexisNexis Au via NUS Libraries ResourcesNUS Libraries Resources (g) Western Australian Reports (WAR) (1960-)  Continues Western Australian Law Reports (1899-1959) Print: K9171 WAR

73. 7. Unreported Judgments These are usually only available for the superior courts. They are not available in print in the Law Library but are available online. Online: LexisNexis Au via NUS Libraries ResourcesNUS Libraries Resources AustLII at http://www.austlii.edu.au/http://www.austlii.edu.au/  Colonial case law The Colonial case law project run by Macquarie University Law School makes available decisions of the superior courts of New South Wales and Tasmania from the 18 th and 19 th centuries as well as unreported appeals from the Australian colonies to the Privy Council before 1850. Entries are based on a mixture of newspaper and manuscript accounts of court records. Online: Colonial Case Law at http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/ http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/ Law Reports

74. Australia You can search for a case by name using an alphabetical list of cases or by topic using a subject index. There are 2 main categories of indexes: 1. Indexes to Law Reports These are indexes published by the individual law report series. 2. Indexes with Abstracts of Cases The main indexes in this category are the Digests. These contain summaries of cases arranged by subject.

75. Australia Indexes with Abstracts of Cases The Australian Digest Consult the “Consolidated Index and Tables”. Ref: K9011 AD3 Australian Current Law: Reporter For previous years, consult the “Cumulative Table of Cases” and/or “Cumulative Index” (of subjects) in the “Consolidated Tables and Indexes” volumes. For the current year, refer to Volume 1 of the looseleaf index (located at the back of the set). Ref: KB3 ACLR