1. How do we study the Universe?

2. SPECTROSCOPY Uses visible wavelength split into colors

3. Doppler shift Wavelengths change when object is moving

4. Red/ Blue Shift RECEDING (moving away) objects show a INCREASE in WAVELENGTH- red shift APPROACHING objects show a DECREASE in WAVELENGTH- blue shift

5. Star Approaching Star Receding

7. RED-SHIFTING STAR (Moving Away From Us)

8. BLUE-SHIFTING STAR (Moving Towards Us)

9. sun Red or blue shift?

10. Star MOVING AWAY from us. (RED-SHIFTING) REFERENCE SPECTRUM

12. Mauna Kea Observatory

13. Mauna Kea Aug. 2011

17. Optical telescopes Need clear weather Away from city lights (light pollution) Above clouds (mountain tops) –Less distortion Many in AZ and HI

18. Kitt Peak, Arizona

19. REFRACTING TELESCOPES Use multiple lenses to focus light and magnify images.

20. The USNO 26-inch Refracting Telescope

21. REFRACTORS Lenses are expensive Chromatic aberration (halo affect;bad) good for observing solar system objects See details (good contrast)

22. Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff AZ discovered Pluto 24” refractor

25. REFLECTING TELESCOPES Uses a series of mirrors to gather and focus light.

26. Reflectors Mirrors are cheaper See farther than refractors –Lose detail Can build larger (10 meters vs. 1 meter) “Coma” problem

27. “coma problem Stars need edge of field have “tails”

28. 8” REFLECTOR

29. Keck Observatory 10 m reflector largest in world

30. LBT Large Binocular Telescope Two 8.4 m mirrors

31. CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPES combines the best features of refractors and reflectors

32. Dobsonian telescope Cheap Reflector need dark skies Only azimuth mount Good beginner telescope

34. Radio telescopes Gather incoming radio waves Convert waves to colors Produce false color images

35. Radio telescopes Best for out of solar system objects –Galaxies –Supernovas –quasars

37. Very Large Array Socorro, NM Arrays use many telescopes that act as one telescope

38. Very Large Baseline Array Sites Kitt Peak, AZ New Mex. Texas New Mex. Virgin Islands Hawaii California Washington Iowa New Hampshire

39. 40 meter radio telescope Green Bank, WV

40. 305 meter Arecibo Radio Telescope

42. Signal is received by telescope

43. Signal is amplified

46. Janskies Minutes Signal is converted to false colors

47. SUPERNOVA REMNANT All declinations combined make a picture

48. THE MOON

49. A GALAXY

50. Jupiter

51. Planet forming

52. Advantages of Radio Telescopes Use anytime (day, clouds, etc) No dome needed Detect object much further away

54. Infrared

55. Advantages of Space Telescopes No atm. Interference –See clearer NOT CLOSER Can detect wavelength that atm. blocks

56. Hubble reflector Last service mission (2010) will keep operating to at least 2014 In 2018 Hubble will be replaced by James Webb telescope (IR)

57. James Webb telescope Mission length: 5 yearsRemain stationary above Earth

58. Hubble vs. Webb

59. Other space telescopes

61. Spitzer infrared telescope launched 2003

62. GLAST- gamma ray telescope

63. Chandra X-ray telescope launched 1999

64. HUT (HOPKINS UV TELESCOPE) Clumpy universe

65. GALEX UV

66. COBE microwave