1. Struggling toward Saratoga Chapter 4, Section 3

2. TIMELINE August, 1776: Battle of Long Island
September, 1776: British capture New York
December 26, 1776: Battle of Trenton
October 17, 1777: Battle of Saratoga
Winter : Continental Army camps at Valley Forge

3. WAR STRATEGIES
What are the strategies for winning the war on each side?
British?
Use British Navy to control major ports & supply routes (rivers, bays, etc.)
Use Navy to rapidly move troops, supplies between North & South
Draw colonials into large-scale battles
Use superior experience & training to defeat colonials
USE MILITARY TO SPLIT, DIVIDE & ISOLATE NORTHERN & SOUTHERN COLONIES

4. Americans?
Use knowledge of terrain / environment to control countryside
Use support / sympathy of population for information, supply, etc.
Use variety of tactics (guerrilla war, small-scale battles, etc.) to buy time to…
Build a Continental Army that has been adequately…
-Supplied
-Trained
-Experienced
-Expanded in size (they need soldiers)
Use Colonial militias to fight when it is advantageous to do so

5. THE MATCHUP How does either side match-up against the other?
Americans?
Strengths?
Familiarity w/terrain
REASONABLY Good Leadership from officers
Cause: Independence
Weaknesses?
Lack of experience & training
NO REAL NAVY - Lack of naval support
Shortage of supplies / equipment
No real gov’t. to rely on for $, support

6. THE MATCHUP The British? Strengths? Weaknesses?
Strong, professional military (Army & Navy)
Strong, powerful gov’t. for support
Loyalist support
Native American support (ex. Mohawk Nation)
Weaknesses?
Distance from Britain to America (time & distance for troops & supplies)
Lack of knowledge of terrain
Inconsistent military leadership

7. Who had the advantage?? GREAT BRITAIN COLONIALS Pop. of 7.5 million
Prof. Army of 50,000
Hessian mercenaries
Royal treasury
Royal navy
Divided parliament
Long lines of supply
Poor generalship
More cannon, arms, &powder
Many Colonials remain loyal
Emancipated slaves join GB
COLONIALS
Pop. Of 2.5 million
Small, untrained militia
No centralized govt.
No treasury
No navy
Angry France, Irish problem for GB
Defending homes
Washington, Franklin
Few armories, little powder

8. Battle of New York Fort Ticonderoga
British Army moves to the middle states
Why?
32,000 soldiers + mercenaries sail into the New York Harbor
Gen. Howe wanted humiliation and surrender
Could offer amnesty
Continental Army had 23,000 men
LOST and had to retreat August 27th, 1776

11. The contribution and sacrifice of the Maryland Line at the Battle of Long Island during the American Revolution
On August 27, 1776, some four hundred Maryland troops led a rear-guard action to check the British advance and protect the retreat of Washington's greatly outnumbered army. The Marylanders launched six counter attacks at the Cortelyou House. During the last attack, Cornwallis' troops were reinforced and the Marylanders were swept back to the Gowanus Canal. After the battle, 256 Marylanders were buried in a mass grave that is located a few blocks from the park.
It is for this heroic action that Maryland became known as the Old Line State.
“Good God, what brave fellows I must this day lose.”
–George Washington.
ONLY 9 men, including the leader of the MD forces, Mordecai Gist, survived.

12. Primary Documents of the Battle of Long Island
Letters of Sergeant Sands Toll of the Battle

13. ….By late fall Washington has been pushed across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.
He had ONLY 8,000 troops left!
HE STARTED WITH 23,000!

14. The American Crisis Thomas Paine
Appealed to soldier’s patriotism, asked them to keep fighting.
“These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and women.”

15. Trenton and Princeton The tide is turning for the Patriots!
The Continental army needed a win ASAP!!
Why??
Trenton: Christmas Washington makes a strike
Travels across the Delaware in rowboats! 
Captures over 1,000 Hessians!
No American KIA
6 days later he wins at Princeton
How??
Another sneak attack
Looking back on it, what mistake did Howe make after Washington fled NY??

16. Trenton and Princeton Washington begins to win:
Uses ruses and surprise attacks/Guerilla tactics
Trenton – captures Hessians on Dec. 26,1776
Princeton – Defeat British forces near Princeton
THIS IS THE TURNING OF THE TIDE FOR THE PATRIOTS
NOTE: NJ campaign is to protect Philadelphia, site of the Continental Congress.
Howe makes strategic blunder of not destroying Washington’s forces after NY and dividing his forces to capture RI.

17. Battle of Trenton, Christmas 1776

18. Philadelphia Falls General Howe wanted to take Philadelphia
He forced out Washington’s troops and Congress was also forced to flee
More continental losses:
Brandywine
Germantown
The British enjoy the winter in Philly!

19. MAJOR BATTLES,1776 - 1777 BATTLE DATE RESULT
Long Island Aug., Brits. win; Americans evacuate NY
Trenton Dec., 26, 1776 Amer. win
Princeton Jan., Amer. win
Brandywine Aug., Brits. win
Germantown Sept., 1777 Brits. Win
Philadelphia Aug./Sept., Captured by Brits
Saratoga* Oct., 17, 1777 Amer. win

20. SARATOGA 1777: British appear to be winning the war:
Brits. in control of New York
Brits. win battles near Philadelphia
Continental Army in desperate need of men, supplies
Continental Congress w/out a capital or enough $
British plan to end the war:
Simple theory: Divide New England colonies from Middle & Southern colonies, then conquer them.
How?
Use two-pronged attack to cut NE from NY
Gen. Burgoyne & Brit. Army in Canada would advance south to Hudson River.
Gen. Howe would advance from New York & meet Burgoyne’s army
Result? Colonies would be divided ; revolution would end

21. BATTLE OF SARATOGA Benedict Arnold vs. Burgoyne
BATTLE OF SARATOGA
Benedict Arnold vs. Burgoyne
KEY IDEA: Control the water, Control the land
BRITISH OBJECTIVE: Divide the colonies
How??
REBEL STRATEGY: Delay the British link-up, using winter as an ally.
TURNING POINT: British defeat at Saratoga
RESULT: Delay the British and brings France in on side of the Americans!!
NOTE: Benedict Arnold latter betrays the cause, jealous and petulant

22. BATTLE OF SARATOGA
Benedict Arnold vs. Burgoyne
KEY IDEA: Control the water, Control the land
BRITISH OBJECTIVE: Divide the colonies
How??
REBEL STRATEGY: Delay the British link-up, using winter as an ally.
TURNING POINT: British defeat at Saratoga
RESULT: Delay the British and brings France in on side of the Americans!!
NOTE: Benedict Arnold latter betrays the cause, jealous and petulant

23. Franco- American Alliance
Americans get:
A wider war:
France, Spain, Holland
fighting in North America, South America, Asia, Caribbean, and on the high seas.
Most of its supplies, training, and naval support
France gives:
Gunpowder
Munitions
***(90% of American gunpowder in first 2+ years comes from France!!)
France gets:
Ally in the New World
A weakened Britain,
Protection for her sugar colonies in the West Indies
Possibly New France back as well

24. Winter at Valley Forge Winter 1777-1778
Terrible winter with few supplies.
LOW POINT FOR THE AMERICANS.
Troops that remain are committed and trained by Baron von Steuben. 
Inadequate:
Food
Supplies
Firewood
shelter

25. Washington’s description of Valley Forge
“It may be said that no history can furnish an instance of an Army’s suffering uncommon hardships as ours has done. To see men without clothes to cover their nakedness, without blankets to lay on, without shoes, by which their marches might be traced by the blood from their feet, and almost as often without provision as with. Marching through frost and snow, and at Christmas taking up their winter quarters within a day’s march of the enemy, without a hut to cover them until they could be built and submitting to it without a murmur, is a mark of patience and obedience which in my opinion can scarcely be paralleled.”
General George Washington

26. Profiteering and Inflation

27. What role did women and slaves play in the war?
How was the war beneficial to them?

28. Terms
Trenton
Saratoga
Valley Forge
Inflation
Profiteering