2. Cytology Study of cells ~70 trillion = human body

3. Cells Cells vary greatly in SIZE and STRUCTURE two main parts - NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM, Enclosed in a CELL MEMBRANE (also called PLASMA MEMBRANE)

4. Cell Membrane Extremely thin Outpouchings and infoldings Porous Selectively Permeable = controls what enters and leaves the cell, it allows some things to pass but not others

5. Membrane Structure Lipids, proteins, carbs Phospholipid bilayer

6. CYTOPLASM - area b/w the plasma membrane and nucleus. – metabolic reactions/activities take place. Filled with a clear fluid called CYTOSOL. Contains ORGANELLES

7. Cytoskeleton- – protein rods/ tubules

8. Microfilaments- tiny rods of the protein actin – Various cell movements Microtubules- long slender tubes of globular protein tubulin. – Maintain shape of cell – move organelles in cell

9. Organelles Ribosome- – Protein/RNA – Structural support – Link amino acids together to form proteins

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum- – Smooth ER- contains enzymes that synthesize lipids, absorb fats from digestive tract, break down drugs. – Rough ER- Contains Ribosome Site of Protein Synthesis Send to Golgi Apparatus

11. Golgi Apparatus- – proteins arrive in vesicles from ER – Modifies proteins chemically – Send proteins in vesicles out of cell (vesicle trafficking)

12. Vesicles- membranous sacs that vary in size/contents

13. Mitochondria- 2 layers of membranes – Cristae- folded inner membrane – Matrix- fluid inside membranes – Captures/Transfers energy in the form of ATP

14. Lysosome- – acts as garbage disposal – Break down proteins, carbs, nucleic acids – Destroy worn cell parts

15. Peroxisomes- contain enzymes – Catalyze chemical reactions Synthesis of bile acids Breakdown of lipids Degradation of rare biochemicals Detoxification of alcohol

16. Centrosome- two hollow cylinders (centrioles) – Made of microtubules – From spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis

17. Cilia/Flagella- motile extensions of certain cells

18. Nucleus Spherical structure Contains DNA

19. Nuclear Envelop- double layered membrane Nuclear pores- allow substances in and out Nucleoplasm- fluid inside Nucleolus- Site of ribosome production – Ribosomes move out nuclear pores Chromatin- DNA fibers – Form chromosomes in mitosis

21. MEMBRANES phospholipid bilayer 2 Tails- Hydrophobic Head- Hydrophilic Controls movement of substances in and out of cell

22. Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Function – Help communicate with other cells – Transport substances across membrane

23. Subs move throughout membrane

24. Passive Transport Diffusion- movement of particles from a concentrated area to a less concentrated area Equilibrium Diffusion Example

25. Diffusion

26. Passive Transport Osmosis - transport of water across membrane from a high concentration to a lower concentration – Hypertonic – Hypotonic – Isotonic

28. Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion - Transport proteins = pathway for molecules to pass through membrane

29. Active Transport Uses Energy Moves against concentration gradient Some Carrier proteins act as pumps

30. Sodium Potassium Pump – Na+ binds to carrier protein inside cell – Carrier protein splits Phosphate group from molecule of ATP and phosphate group binds ATP supplies energy needed to reshape protein – With new shape moves Na+ outside cell, and the shape is perfect to bind for K+ – Repeats

32. Active Transport Exocytosis- vesicles exports product from cells Endocytosis- vesicle takes material into cell – Pinocytosis- transports of solutes or fluids – Phagocytosis-movement of large particles or whole cells

34. Cell Life Cycle Mitosis = nuclear division followed by cytokinesis The steps of mitosis ensure that each new cell has the exact same number of chromosomes as the original

36. Interphase – 90% of cells life – G1 – growth phase – S phase (synthesis) – genetic material replicates – G2 – synthesize structures

37. Mitosis

38. Prophase 1. chromosomes visible (chromatids) 2. centrioles migrate to the poles 3. nuclear membrane disappears 4. nucleolus disappears 5. spindle forms

39. Metaphase chromosomes line up on the equator, spindle attaches

40. Anaphase chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

41. Telophase 1. chromosomes disappear chromatin 2. nuclear membrane reforms 3. nucleoli reappears 4. spindle disappears 5. centrioles duplicate

42. Cytokinesis division of the cytoplasm to form 2 new daughter cells - organelles are divided - daughter cells are genetically identical

47. Karyotype

48. Homework Draw and label the phases of mitosis Label : Centromere, centrioles, spindle fibers, and sister chromatids