1. Membranes, Muscle Tissues, and Nervous Tissues
Chapter 5 - Tissues
Membranes, Muscle Tissues, and Nervous Tissues

2. Types of Membranes Epithelial Membranes Thin, sheetlike structures
Usually composed of epithelial and underlying connective tissues
Cover body surfaces and line body cavities
3 major types
Serous
Mucous
Cutaneous

3. Types of Membranes Epithelial Membranes Serous Membranes
Consist of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and a thin layer of loose connective tissue
Cells of the membrane secrete watery serous fluid which helps lubricate membrane surfaces
Line body cavities that do not open to the outside
Form the inner linings of the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within these cavities
Reduce friction between organs and cavity walls

4. Types of Membranes Epithelial Membranes Mucous Membranes
Consists of epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue
The type of epithelium varies with the location of the membrane
Goblet cells within the membrane secrete mucus
Line the cavities and tubes that open to the outside of the body
Includes oral and nasal cavities, and the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

5. Types of Membranes Epithelial Membranes Cutaneous Membranes
More commonly called skin…will be covered in next chapter

6. Types of Membranes Synovial Membranes
Composed completely of connective tissue
Line joints

7. Muscle Tissues General Characteristics
Have elongated cells commonly termed muscle fibers
Contractile…can shorten and thicken
As muscle tissues contract, they pull at their attached ends which moves body parts
3 types
Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue

8. Muscle Tissues Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Forms muscles that usually attach to bone and that are controlled by conscious effort (so it is often called voluntary muscle tissue)
Consists of cells that are long and narrow (thread-like), have alternating light and dark cross-markings called striations, and many nuclei (multinucleate)
When stimulated by a nerve cell, protein filaments within the muscle cell slide past one another causing the muscle cell to contract
Skeletal muscles move the head, trunk, and limbs and allow us to make facial expressions, to write, to talk, to sing, to chew, to swallow, and to breathe.

9. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

10. Muscle Tissues Smooth Muscle Tissue
Has cells that lack striations, are shorter than those of skeletal muscle, are spindle-shaped, and have a single, centrally located nuclei
Comprises the walls of hollow internal organs (such as the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels)
Usually cannot be stimulated to contract by conscious effort (thus, it is termed involuntary)
Examples of locations/functions:
moves food through the digestive tract
constricts blood vessels
empties the bladder

11. Smooth Muscle Tissue

12. Muscle Tissues Cardiac Muscle Tissue Only found in the heart
Has cells that are striated and branched, have one nucleus, and are joined end-to-end, resulting in complex networks
Intercalated discs (a specialized intercellular junction found only in cardiac tissue) are located where cells touch
Is not controlled voluntarily and can continue to function without being stimulated by nerve impulses
Makes up the bulk of the heart and pumps blood through the heart chambers and into blood vessels

13. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

14. Nervous Tissues
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve cells.
Contain two types of cells
Neurons
Neurological cells

15. Nervous Tissues Neurons Basic nerve cells Highly specialized
Coordinate, regulate, and integrate many body functions
Sense certain types of changes in their surroundings and respond to these changes by transmitting nerve impulses along cellular processes to other neurons or to the muscles and glands they connect with

16. Nervous Tissues Neurological Cells
Support and bind the components of nervous tissue
Carry on phagocytosis
Help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels
Play a role in cell-to-cell communications
May give rise to neural stem cells

17. Nervous Tissues