1. Chapter 5 Part 1

2. Course Goals 1.Application Skills (lab) 2.Computer-ese (terms) 3.How computers work (hardware) 4.History of Computing (ch. 5)

3. Early Computing Vacuum Tubes Light Bulb Sized Light Bulb SizedENIAC Considered by some to be the world's first electronic digital computer Considered by some to be the world's first electronic digital computer Colossus, 1944, England Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer 1945-6 1945-6 ~20,000 vacuum tubes ~20,000 vacuum tubes The size of a room The size of a room Developed to compute artillery firing tables in WW2 Developed to compute artillery firing tables in WW2

4. ENIAC

5. Links ENIAC http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac- story.html http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac- story.html Vacuum Tubes / Transistors http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/history.html http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/history.html

6. Terms Transistor – tiny electronic switch that can rapidly turn “on” and “off” Integrated Circuit – an entire electrical circuit, including wires, formed on a single chip Solid State – hardware in which electrons travel through a solid material (i.e. silicon)

7. Terms Semiconductor – any material whose electrical properties are intermediate in terms of conductivity ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange (I won’t ask you that) – binary code used to store characters (8 bit code)

8. Making Processors 1.Make a Circuit Diagram 2.Duplicate diagram many times 3.Print and etch sheet of diagrams onto slice of silicon (photolithography) 4.Repeat 3 for each layer in processor 5.Cut wafer into chips 6.Test and mount chips Great article on this: http://www.embedded.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=17501489

9. Processors Larger wafer radius produces more chips 4” – 12 20 mm x 20mm chips 4” – 12 20 mm x 20mm chips 6” – 24 chips 6” – 24 chips 8” – 57 chips 8” – 57 chips 12” - 148 12” - 148 Microprocessor – The miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor (the part that processes information) – makes embedded systems possible

10. Power Supply Surge Protector – protects against spikes of high voltage (can burn out) Voltage Regulator – protects against spikes of low power (not very common) UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply – basically an emergency battery

11. Comparison - 1998 Intel P II 300 Mhz 64 MB 100 MHz DRAM 2D PCI 4MB Graphics 4 GB ATA 5600 RPM HD 15”.28dp Monitor (13.5” visible)

12. Comparison - 2001 Intel P III 733 Mhz 128 MB 133 MHz SDRAM 3D AGP 8MB Graphics 40 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD 17”.25dp Monitor (16” visible)

13. Comparison - 2003 Intel P IIII 1.8 GHz 256 MB 266 MHz DDR RAM 3D AGP 64MB DDR Graphics 80 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD 19”.22dp Monitor (17.5” visible)

14. Comparison - 2005 Intel Pentium 4 2.80GHz 512MB 400 MHz DDR RAM 3D PCI Express 128MB DDR Graphics 120 GB Ultra ATA 7200 RPM HD 17 in (16.0 in viewable) Flat Panel Display