1. School of International Relations
Four Worlds of History
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Please retain source credit to USC CALIS for any adaptation of this model and use of social science factors.
Teresa Hudock, Director, CALIS / dornsife.usc.edu/calis
Four Worlds-Intro: October 21, 2013
Edition #2: Aug 1, 2014
Slide Count: 48
School of International Relations 1

2. School of International Relations
Four Worlds
Analytical Tools  Critical Thinking
CALIS is an outreach project of the
School of International Relations

3. Social Science Factors
Table of Contents
4 – Social Science Factors
6 – Common Core Basics
12 – Four Worlds of… Slavery
16 – … Cause & Effect
17 – … Problem-Solving
18 – The Math Analogy
Four Worlds is an analytical framework -- a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary analytical framework:
Political Science, Economics, Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, Science & Technology, Psychology, Philosophy
26 – Got Stability?
40 – Factoring in Math & Social Science
42 – Got Power?
45 – Textbooks, Uncovering Cause & Effect

4. Social Science Factors
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
Political
Economic
Social
Cultural
Each world is complex! But the relationship between factors across worlds is the amazing complexity of the human condition.
Each world has its own field of study, but they all overlap as an interdisciplinary field of social science:
political science, economics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, philosophy, etc.
+ geography, science, engineering, etc.
Geography / Technology / Character
basic factors of the human condition 4

5. Social Science Factors
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
Identifying factors, relating factors, and
determining the “most important" factors
is the science of the social sciences .
the science
social sciences

6. 5 Principles in Developing the Common Core
1 College-and-Career Readiness (CCR)
2 Based on the Best Existing Standards
3 Based on Solid Evidence
4 Clear focus
5 Local flexibility / teacher judgment
Instructional Shifts
1 PK-5, Balancing Informational Texts and Literature
, Building Knowledge in the Disciplines
3 Staircase of Complexity
4 Text-Based Answers
5 Writing from Sources
6 Academic Vocabulary
David Coleman

7. Critical Thinking Skills =
Common Core State Standards…CCSS
Bottom Line
Common Core Standards
Critical Thinking Skills =

8. Critical Thinking Skills =
Common Core State Standards…CCSS
Bottom Line
Common Core Standards
Critical Thinking Skills =
Argument, Reasoning, Logic
Evidence

9. Critical Thinking Skills =
Common Core State Standards…CCSS
Bottom Line
Common Core Standards
Critical Thinking Skills =
Argument, Reasoning, Logic
Evidence
With apologies to the original CCSS:
California Council for the Social Studies

10. purposeful meaningful relevant
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
The absolute PRIORITY of the 4W model
purposeful
meaningful
relevant
critical elements of being student-centered 10

11. student-driven analysis independent critical thinking
Four Worlds of History
Social Science Factors
The absolute PURPOSE of the 4W model
student-driven analysis
toward
independent critical thinking
critical elements of being student-centered 11

12. Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds?
Political World
Economic World
Activities Database
0.0 - Four Worlds of History: Social Science Factors
reference sheet 1
slavery
Social World
Cultural World
This series of slides on slavery is the simplest illustration to date of how multiple factors are in-play at the same time
-- and how to use the complexity of factors in Four Worlds to do a more in-depth analysis of cause & effect and problem-solving 12 12

13. Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds?
Political World
Economic World
rights
labor
slavery
Social World
Cultural World x
class
custom 13

14. Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds?
Political World
Economic World
rights
labor
legal system
cost of production
slavery
Social World
Cultural World
hierarchy
segregation x
beliefs
identity
class
custom
equity
status
shared values
privilege 14

15. Which factors make slavery a part of all Four Worlds? factors
Factors are simultaneous yet distinct.
Political World
Economic World
rights
labor
legal system
cost of production
A “Four Worlds” analysis of human factors enables teachers & students to easily illustrate detail & complexity.
slavery
Social World
Cultural World
hierarchy
segregation
identity x
beliefs
class
custom
equity
status
shared values
privilege 15

16. cause and effect slavery
Studying each context, is any one factor or world the primary cause of slavery?
The root cause of slavery?
Political World
Economic World
legal system
labor system
rights
cost of production
cause and effect
slavery
Social World
Cultural World
If the goal is critical thinking, then students must “make a claim and defend it”
 reasoning skills: clear logic and strong evidence
Different societies across time and space have had different forms of slavery.
 The question may be specific to a particular society or be based on comparative cases…
class system
belief system
segregation
custom
hierarchy
identity
equity
privilege
status
shared values
What are secondary or contributing causes? 16

17. Not everyone’s beliefs change
Given the many factors involved, what is the best approach to abolishing slavery?
Political World
Economic World
cost of production
rights
labor
change
legal system
the status quo
division of labor
problem-solving
change
slavery
Social World
Cultural World
protest
Not everyone’s beliefs change
hierarchy
segregation
The dominant belief that slavery is acceptable  eventually replaced by a new dominant belief that slavery is unacceptable
Note that within any society, not all beliefs are universal or monolithic.
identity
beliefs
class
shared values
custom
equity
status
challenge
Abolitionist ideas & values
privilege
the status quo
start here 17

18. The Math Analogy Factoring
In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product….
math.com – “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.”

19. How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Factoring
The Math Analogy
How fast can you generate a list of factors?
In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product….
math.com – “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.”

20. How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Factoring
The Math Analogy
How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Factors of 72:
In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product….
math.com – “Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.”

21. How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Factoring
The Math Analogy
How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Factors of 72: 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9
In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product….
Factors, when combined together, produce a certain outcome.

22. The Math Analogy Factoring Factors of 72: 1 72 2 36 3 24 4 18 6 12 8 9
How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Factors of 72: 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9
“Factoring is like taking a number apart.
In math, how do factors work? Factors are multiplied to make a product….
Factors, when combined together, produce a certain outcome.
It means to express a number as the
product of its factors.”
math.com

23. Greatest Common Factor
Factoring
The Math Analogy
Greatest Common Factor 72 96
1 72
2 36
3 24
4 18
6 12
8 9

24. Greatest Common Factor
Factoring
The Math Analogy
Greatest Common Factor 72 96
1 72
2 36
3 24
4 18
6 12
8 9
1 96
2 48
3 32
4 24
6 16
8 12

25. Greatest Common Factor
Factoring
The Math Analogy
Greatest Common Factor 72 96 1 2 3 4 6 8 72 36 24 18 12 9
1 96
2 48
3 32
4 24
6 16
8 12 1 2 3 4 6 8 24
24 is the GCF 24 12 12

26. Social Science Factors How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
Yes, I’ve already picked the concept  26

27. Social Science Factors How fast can you generate a list of factors?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
stability
What factors can produce stability? 27

28. Social Science Factors Factors that produce stability
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
leadership
resources
stability
Each world contributes to stability…
accountability
shared values 28

29. Social Science Factors Factors that produce stability
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
leadership
resources
order
production
security
prosperity
stability
And once you’ve generated a wide variety of factors… what’s the next question?
accountability
shared values
equity
identity
common good
meaning 29

30. Which factors are MOST IMPORTANT to stability?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
leadership
resources
order
production
security
prosperity
stability
accountability
shared values
Think-Pair-Share: Think for a moment about two factors that strike you as VERY important.
Pair up with someone to explain why these two factors are important.
Share with the group an interesting reason for one factor that your partner said.
equity
identity
common good
meaning 30

31. Is any one world MORE IMPORTANT to stability?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
leadership
resources
order
production
security
prosperity
stability
accountability
shared values
And it gets better… For a particular war, can you make a case? What are your examples? What is your logic & evidence?
equity
identity
common good
meaning 31

32. And when it comes to stability…If
If the transfer of power is not clear,
then what are the possible outcomes?
then

33. If the transfer of power is not clear,
Got stability? If
If the transfer of power is not clear,
then what are the likely outcomes?
then
Cause & Effect Reasoning
Speculation & Predictions
Theory Building
Hypothesis Testing
What is your logic & evidence?

34. What is your logic & evidence?
Got stability? If
If the transfer of power is not clear,
then what are the possible outcomes?
then
 power struggle
 coup
 assassination
 civil war
 vulnerability to attack
- possibly to complete takeover, conquest
 decline and suffering
- possibly complete collapse
What is your logic & evidence?

35. What factors can complicate the transfer of power?
Got stability?
If the transfer of power is not clear, If
then what are the possible outcomes?
then
What factors can complicate the transfer of power?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World

36. What factors can complicate the transfer of power?
Got stability?
If the transfer of power is not clear, If
then what are the possible outcomes?
then
What factors can complicate the transfer of power?
factors
It’s not just factors that are present. It might be factors that are missing or “too weak”.
a lack of…
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
legitimate authority
resource security
When students are studying issues, they’re not just looking for what’s there. They’re looking for what’s not there too!
equity
common identity

37. The Math Analogy In Math…
Factoring
The Math Analogy
In Math…
Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.
math.com

38. The Math Analogy In Math… In Social Science…
Factoring
The Math Analogy
In Math…
Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.
math.com
In Social Science…
Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors.
usc.edu/calis

39. The Math Analogy In Math… In Social Science…
Factoring
The Math Analogy
In Math…
Factoring is like taking a number apart. It means to express a number as the product of its factors.
math.com
In Social Science…
Factoring is like taking an issue apart. It means to express an event, situation, condition, society, etc. as the product of its factors.
A set in mathematics is a collection of well defined and distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.
…or the product of missing factors
…or a likely product given a similar context
…or influenced by this set of variables
...or the intersection of one or more sets.
usc.edu/calis

40. But unlike math… In social science, some factors are concrete
Factoring
But unlike math…
In social science, some factors are concrete
…some factors are concepts
…and factors are very different in different contexts
A set in mathematics is a collection of well defined and distinct objects, considered as an object in its own right.

41. Some factors are basic to survival
Handout
Social Science Factors
reference sheet 2
These concepts are “factors” of the human condition – that when combined in different ways –
produce different types of societies throughout history and around the world today.
Some factors are basic to survival
while others help establish more order and greater stability.
Some of these factors are needed for a thriving,
more humane existence.
Societies have strengths or weaknesses across these factors.
Absence or loss of certain factors
can lead to the decline of a society.

42. What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?
Got power?
What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
power

43. What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?
Got power?
What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
power of authority
power of ingenuity
power
power of solidarity
power of ideas

44. What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?
Got power?
What are the different dimensions & varying implications of power?
Political World
Economic World
Social World
Cultural World
power of authority
power of ingenuity
power of force
power of resources
power
power of solidarity
power of ideas
power of privilege
power of beliefs

45. What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics?
Cause & Effect
1. How does the table enable students to practice a skill?
2. How does the table support critical thinking?
What tools can enable students to uncover history & human dynamics?
7th grade World History
Medieval and Early Modern Times, McDougal-Littell, 2006

46. Causes & Effects of the Reformation
Political
Economic
Social
Cultural
Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches.
People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome.
By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence.
People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes.
ideas
The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.
printing press
The four causes listed in the textbook are placed in the 4W chart along with the four effects…  What factors are in play?
More people became aware of Protestant belief systems.
belief systems
Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible.
Reformers translated the Bible
so that people could interpret it for themselves.

47. Causes & Effects of the Reformation
Political
Economic
Social
Cultural
Some European leaders saw the pope as interfering in their political affairs through local churches.
People disliked having to pay taxes to the Church in Rome.
taxes
power
authority
incentive
By becoming Protestant, European leaders limited the pope’s local political influence.
technology
news & media
People were more willing to support Protestant ideas that ended these taxes.
The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.
printing press
Identifying factors – Means that students are
---- talking about concepts, using academic language that crosses between each unit
---- trying to apply (justify or relate) a factor engages students in critical thinking
access
beliefs
More people became aware of Protestant belief systems.
Only clergy were allowed to interpret the Bible.
status
Reformers translated the Bible
equity
roles
so that people could interpret it for themselves.
advocates
identity
hierarchy

48. What factors fueled the Protestant Reformation?
Political
Economic
Social
Cultural
power
conflict
Reopening of Silk Road
Catholic Church had political power as an institution that owned --% of the land and imposed taxes
European leaders who converted to Protestant faith did not have to follow “authority” of pope
p 430
trade
Growth of trading cities
p 436
a corrupt church
p 462
technology
printing press
p 449
cultural transmission
news & media
Church practices vs Catholic beliefs
Access to books greatly increased the spread of ideas
▪ indulgences
▪ salvation through good deeds
p 463
p 449
 which fueled new ideas
Luther challenges both practices & beliefs
literacy & education
and gains support from other challengers
▪ Luther: salvation only through faith in Christ – p 464
More authors / More readers
▪ Calvin: salvation only through predestination – p 472
equity & access
new beliefs
meaning / comfort / hope