1. Breakout 2 Nancy Glenn Laura Duncanson

2. 1. What are the gaps in our current knowledge of carbon-relevant Earth System processes? What are the linkages between ecosystem structure and process? – Biodiversity and ecosystem processes – Ecosystem structure and relationship to environmental & geophysical variables – Partition between GPP and autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration – Carbon sinks and transfer between land, ocean and atmosphere – Urban and anthropogenic systems Once identified, how do we fill knowledge gaps in a process-based understanding of the carbon cycle? – More, different, and more consistent data Cal/val Airborne/field/lab Spaceborne Interagency cooperation when data are unavailable – Better fundamental theory E.g. Process-based understanding of autotrophic and soil respiration E.g. How do plants allocate carbon to growth and respiration? E.g. What’s the role in hydrology in determining the fate of carbon? – Better / more consistent statistics / models E.g. Fundamental theory in models How do we integrate between the following? – Multiple disciplines – Multiple agencies – Multiple scales – Multiple sensors – Statistical measures – Statistical frameworks – Cal/val addressing all of above *address at multiple spatial/temporal scales

3. 2. What makes ecosystems and communities resilient, vulnerable, and adaptable to climate change? What defines ecosystem and community vulnerability/resiliency? – e.g. ecosystem services such as productivity (with respect to carbon cycling), food and water security, shifting infrastructure How do we quantify vulnerability/resiliency? What are the associated indicators? – e.g. wrt biodiversity, focus on functional rather than species richness – Are there critical “tipping points”, if so, what and where are they? How close are we to them temporally? – What is the balance between risk and mitigation potential? What are the feedbacks between natural and anthropogenic forcings? – What scale (spatial/temporal)? *address at multiple spatial/temporal scales

4. 3. What teleconnections drive carbon cycling and what are their underlying processes? Amazon smoke Warming of high latitudes Ocean circulation patterns Dust Land cover, climate and environmental linkages – e.g. deforestation changing albedo/hydrologic cycle Low frequency variability – e.g. PDO, ENSO Urbanization *address at multiple spatial/temporal scales

5. 4. Questions in specific regions, topics of particular sensitivity, and/or large unknowns Permafrost / high latitudes – How will permafrost thaw affect biogeochemical, hydrologic, and ecosystem change and feedbacks (e.g. methane)? Pathogens / Diseases / Invasive Species – What are the feedbacks and their relative importance? – Changing phenologies and feedbacks? Tropical forests – How sensitive are carbon stocks & fluxes to changing climate/anthropogenic /phenology? Coastal areas – How can we mitigate the coastal squeeze? Oceans – How much carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean? Drylands – How much carbon loss will occur with desertification? Pollution – e.g. aerosols, human health Urban Areas – How does urbanization contribute to the global carbon cycle? Soils – E.g. What are global soil carbon stocks? Forest allometry – How accurate are allometric equations for est tree biomass? *address at multiple spatial/temporal scales