1. PAV-OSTEOLOGY

2. OSTEOLOGY
OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation
Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton
Skeleton: is applied to the frame-work of hard structures which supports and protects the soft tissue of animals.

3. Bones System and their relationship
FERTILISATION  ZYGOTE (mitosis: cleavage)  MORULA  BLASTULA  GASTRULA  divides into 3:
- ectoderm : external layer skin & nerve
- endoderm: inner layer viscera
- mesoderm: between ecto & endoderm 
muscles and bones.

4. FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON
SUPPORT THE BODY
MAKE THE SHAPE OF THE BODY
PROTECK WEAK ORGANS
PASSIVE MOVEMENT ORGAN
PLACE FOR FIXING MUSCLE
PLACE FOR PRODUCES BLOOD
RESERVOIR CHEMICAL AGENT: Ca & P

5. THE SKELETON MAY BE DIVIDED PRIMARY INTO THREE PARTS:
SKELETON/ AXIALIS
Collumnar Vertebralis
Cranium
Sternum
Costae, Pelvis
SKELETON APPENDICULARIS
Ossa Extremitas Cranialis et Caudalis
SKELETON VISCERALIS : consists of certain bones developed in the substance of some of the viscera or soft organ
Os. Vesali os Hyoideus
Os. Penis os Cordis
Os. Glandis

6. (1) Collumnar Vertebralis, composes of :
SKELETON AXIALIS
(1) Collumnar Vertebralis, composes of :
Ossa. Cranii,
Cervicalis, Thoracalis, Lumbalis,
Sacralis and Coccygealis
(2) Ossa Costae, Sternum, Clavicula, Scapula,Coxae
(os Coxae, composes of: Ossa pubic, ilium and ischiadicum)

7. SKELETON APPENDICULARIS
Extremitas Cranialis :
Ossa Humerus, Radius-Ulna, Carpal, Metacarpal, Phalangis/digitalis
Extremitas Caudalis :
Ossa Femuralis, Tibia-Fibula, Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalangis/digitalis

10. ACCORDING THEIR BONES SHAPE
Ossa Longa (lonng)
Ossa Plana (flat)
Ossa Brevia (short)
Ossa Irregularis (irregular)

11. os brevia
os plana
os longa

12. OSSA LONGA (long bone)

13. Ossa plana (flat bone)

14. OSSA BREVIA (short bone)

15. OSSA IRREGULARIA

16. THE AMOUNT OF THE BONES Each breed have different amount
example: horse 205 bones
cattle 191 – 193 bones
chicken 160 boness
human 206 bones (old), 270 (young)
This condition is depended by breed (ras) and age.

17. DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF BONE (osteogenesis)
1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis = primer): cel-cel mesenchym osteoblast  osteocyt  matrix become gel & solid (osteoid)  calcification  punctum ossification.
2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis = secundair):
started by cartilage : cel2 mesenchym chondroblast chondrocyt (fit length) ossification.
Osteoblast : destroy bone layer in order to make the shape.

18. Punctum ossification DEVELOPMENT : Interstitial development
( from the middle of tissue )
appostitional development
(fron the lateral, the tissue change in order to fix bone layer)

19. PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION VERTEBRATA post natal
GROUP I
Horse nil
Cattle nil
Sheep nil
GROUP II
Man
Rabbit
Dog
Cat
Pig
Guinea pig

20. SEXUAL AND BODY MATURE BREED SEXUAL M BODY M horse 1 year 4-5 years
cattle months years
Sheep/goat months years
pig months years
Dog months ,5-2 year

21. BONE STRUCTURE
Bone mainly compose of bone tissue, but as an organ, it have layer term as periosteum, endosteum, medulla ossium, blood vessels and nerves.
According to the architecture :
1. compact substance.
2. spongiosa substance
In the long bone have medullar cavity.

22. Periosteum: is a membrane which enclose superficial surface of bone, except at the part which is lined by cartilage.
Endosteum: is a thin fibrous membrane which enclose medullare cavity and big Haversian canal.
Medulla ossium: placed between spongiosum bone and medullar cavity in the long bone.
in the adult animals have 2 variation:
as red and yellow:

23. In the young animals only have red (medulla ossium rubra), although then a part has change to be yellow (medulla ossium flava)
Medulla ossium rubra contains several type characteristic cells and as an substansia to make blood.
Medulla ossium flava : contains fatty tissue.

24. BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES composes 2 artery : periosteal and medullaris
nutritional foramen : hole in bone for passing through blood vessels  give nutrition.
Nerves distribute together with blood vessels. nerve ending in the periosteum (corpuscle Vater-Pacini) may be as sensoris, and probably as connection with muscle sense.

25. BoneStructure
macroscopic structure
microscopic structure
chemical and physical structure

26. MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE
SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA
SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA

27. compact and spons bones
spongiosa bone
compact bone

28. part os longa
DIAPHISA
EPIPHYSA

29. Ossa pneumatica
SINUS :air spaces within compact substance contain air instead of spongy bone and marrow and, are called pneumatic bones. The cavity are term as sinus, the communicate indirectly with external air
SINUS

30. Physic os longa capsula cartilago Osseous epiphysis epiphise plate
metaphisis

31. Physical strength of bone
The bone of just death animal has yellowish white color.
If it dip or boil s and give a chemical agent to eliminate stain become white.
Berat jenis fresh mass bone: 1,9
The bone is hard & strong enough for pressure
Strength pressure pound per suare inch, strength of pulling lb/inch² which more strong than white oak trees.

32. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE
Dried bone consists of organic and in organic matter which ratio 1 : 2.
Removal of organic matter by heat does not change the general form, but reduces the weight about 1/3 and makes bone very fragile
Decalcification, not change the form and size, but renders it soft and pliable.
Organic matter (ossein) boils  gelatin.

33. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE & PHYSIC
chemis: organic : inorganic 1:2
composition bone:
gelatin ,30%
kalsium fosfat ,35%
kalsium karbonat ,85%
magnesium fosfat ,05%
natrium karbonat& klorida 3,45%

34. Parts of Bones Periosteum / endosteum:
has capability to make new bone layer
cartilage: its for elascity and pressure absorber joint between 2 bones.
Tendo, ligament: fixing tissue between bones or muscles.

35. BONES TERMS Processus : bone elevation usually long
Tuberositas (tuber) :big protruded bone and round form, but it’s not make a joint.
Tuberculum: small protruded bone
Trochanter :its use for several protruded bone and its not make a joint.
Spina (processus spinosus) : high protruded bone, usually flat and sometimes sharp

36. LUMBAL BONE
Proc transversus

37. PROC SPINOSUS
Proc spinosus

38. Term of form/ structure
cavum
sinus
Sinus
Processus
Fissura
incissura
angulus

39. Crista :elevation of bone which sharp edge.
Linea : very small elevation = line
Caput : head = proximal end which enlarger for fitting the joint, probably connected with body/corpus by constricted area term as neck (collum)
Collum : neck
Condyl (condylus) : bone elevation which cylendrical form for fitting the joint.
Epicondylus : cantinuation of condyl which not make joint.

40. Trochlea : pulley form (katrol) for mass joint
Cavitas glenoidalis : low concave joint (dangkal).
Cavitas cotyloid (acetabulum) : concave joint which is deep.
Facet : usually for small joint surface and it’s not so elevated their concave or convex surface.
Fossa : concave/ curve
Fovea : concave/ curve
Alae : wing

41. Sulcus : long depression like a canal.
Impressio : depression cause of pressure another organ.
Foramen : hole for passing blood vessels, nerves, etc.
canalis : long hole like a tube
Fissura : space/ space within bone.
Incissura : cracking bone.
Sinus : air spaces within the compact substance, this cavities term as sinuses, are lined with mucous membrane & they communicate indirectly with external air

42. JOINTS / SYNDESMOLOGY
Is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue.
The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous fibrous tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.
Union of parts of the skeleton by muscles term as SYNSARCOSIS

43. CLASSIFICATION
1. Fibrous joint (synsarcosis): the segment are united by fibrous tissue, often term as fixed or immovable joints.
2. cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis): the segment are united by fibrocartilages or hyaline cartilage, or combination of the two.
3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis)

44. FIBROUS JOINTS
1. SUTURE: the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissue – sutural ligament:- suture serrata: sutura interfrontal
- suture squamosa: between
temporal and parietal bones sutura plana(harmonia): internasal suture
2. SYNDESMOSIS: the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tussue or mixture: exp: metacarpal bones.
3. GOMPHOSIS: implantation of the teeth

45. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
1. SYNCHONDROSIS (hyaline cartilage joints): it’s a temporary one, then the cartilage is converted into bone: epiphysis.
2. SYMPHYSIS (fibrocartilaginous joints):
exp: symphysis pelvis , sternebrae.

46. JOINTS BETWEEN BONES (juncturae ossium)
JOINTS = syndesmology (diarthrosis)
requirements:
1. articular surface
2. cartilago
3. capsula synoviale
4. ligamentum
5. discus and meniscus
6. marginal cartilago (labrum
gleniodale, acetabulare)

47. CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY STRUCTURE
chemic: organic : an organic 1:2
composition :
gelatin ,30%
calcium phosphat ,35%
calcium carbonat ,85%
magnesium phosphat ,05%
natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%

48. Supporting of the bones
Periosteum / endosteum:
it can make a new layer outside and inside of the bone
Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock absorbers between 2 bones.
Tendon, ligament: elastic tissue that fix between 2 bones or with muscles.