1. Earth as a System
Chapter 2

2. Earth Facts:
the third planet from the sun in our solar system
formed about 4.6 billion years ago
made mostly of rock.
Approximately 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by a
Earth is an oblate sphere
Pole-to-pole circumference is 40,007 km.
Equatorial circumference is 40,074 km.
Average diameter is 12,756 km.

3. Seismic waves – waves that travel through Earth; they are caused by earthquakes and by explosions near Earth’s surface.
Important discoveries have been made about Earth’s interior through studies of seismic waves

4. 3 Major Compositional Zone:
Crust
Mantle
Core
5 Major Structural Zones:
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Liquid Outer Core
Solid Inner Core

5. Layers of Earth

6. Compositional Zones of Earth’s Interior
Crust - thin and solid outermost layer, lies above the mantle
Oceanic crust - lies under the oceans, is only 5 to 10 km thick. (3-5 mi)
Continental crust varies in thickness from 15 km to 80 km. (avg 25 mi)
Mantle - layer of rock that lies between Earth’s crust and core
is nearly 2,900 km thick and makes up almost two-thirds of earth
Core - the central part of Earth that lies below the mantle
a sphere composed mainly of nickel and iron whose radius is about 3,500 km
Explain why scientists have to rely on indirect observations to study Earth’s interior.
Indirect observations are the only means available for exploring Earth’s interior at depths too great to be reached by drilling.

7. The crust is composed of two types of rock.
The continental crust is mostly granite.
The oceanic crust is basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite.
Because of this the less dense continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.

8. Structural Zones of Earth’s Interior
Lithosphere - solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
between 15km and 300 km thick.
Asthenosphere - solid layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it
about 200 km thick

9. Convection Currents
The middle mantle "flows" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling and sinking again --repeating this cycle over and over.

10. Convection Currents
The next time you heat anything like soup or water in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the asthenosphere they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents, like the cork in this illustration. Safety Caution: Don’t get your face too close to the boiling water!

11. Liquid outer core -below the mesosphere surrounds the solid inner core
Mesosphere - strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core
reaches from the bottom of the asthenosphere to a depth of about 2,900 km.
Liquid outer core -below the mesosphere surrounds the solid inner core
Solid inner core - begins at a depth of 5,150 km, composed of nickel and iron

12. Outer Core
The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is composed of the melted metals of nickel and iron.

13. Earth’s Interior

14. Core
The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place like a solid.

15. Layers of Earth

16. Earth as a Magnet Magnetosphere - extends beyond the atmosphere
Where the magnetic field balances the pressure of the solar wind – 63,000 km
Scientists think that motions within the liquid iron of Earth’s outer core produce electric currents that in turn create Earth’s magnetic field.

18. Magnetosphere

19. Earth’s Gravity
Gravity - the force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe
Newton’s law of gravitation - the force of attraction between any two objects depends on the masses of the objects and the distance between the objects
The larger the masses of two objects are and the closer together the objects are, the greater the force of gravity between the objects will be.

20. Weight - measure of the strength of the pull of gravity on an object
An object’s weight depends on its mass and its distance from Earth’s center
Weight and Location
Because the distance between Earth’s surface and its center is greater at the equator than at the poles, the weight of an object at the equator is about 0.3% less than its weight at the North Pole

21. Closed Systems Open Systems
Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space.
Energy - the ability to do work. Energy can be transferred in a variety of forms, including heat, light, vibrations, or electromagnetic waves.
Closed Systems
system in which energy, but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings.
Open Systems
system in which both energy and matter are exchanged with the surroundings

22. The Earth system is almost a closed system because matter exchange is limited
Energy enters the system in the form of sunlight and is released into space as heat.
Only a small amount of dust and rock enters, and only a fraction of the hydrogen atoms in the atmosphere escape into space.

23. Atmosphere - mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon
4 Spheres of Earth:
Atmosphere
Hydrosphere
Geosphere
Biosphere
Atmosphere - mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon
The atmosphere provides the air you breathe and shields Earth from the sun’s harmful radiation
What types of matter and energy are exchanged between Earth and space?
Dust and rock come to Earth from space, while hydrogen atoms from the atmosphere enter space from Earth. Solar energy enters Earth’s atmosphere and reradiated energy leaves Earth.

24. Hydrosphere - portion of Earth that is water
Water covers 71% of Earth’s surface.
occur in the form of oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, glaciers and ice sheets, and groundwater.
Geosphere - the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust
all of the rock and soil on the surface of the continents and on the ocean floor.
also includes the solid and molten interior of Earth.

25. Biosphere - part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms
composed of all of the forms of life in the geosphere, in the hydrosphere, and in the atmosphere, as well as any organic matter that has not decomposed.
The biosphere extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to the atmosphere a few kilometers above Earth’s surface.
The transfers of energy between Earth’s spheres can be thought of as parts of an energy budget.
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is transferred between systems, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
The second law of thermodynamics states that when energy transfer occurs, matter becomes less organized with time. Thus, the universe’s energy is spread out more uniformly over time.
The constant exchange of matter and energy between Earth’s spheres happens through chemical reactions, radioactive decay, the radiation of energy ,and the growth and decay of organisms.

26. Earth’s Energy Budget Define energy budget.
An energy budget is the total distribution of energy to, from, and between Earth’s various spheres.

27. Ecosystem - a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
Ecology - the study of the relationships between living things and their nonliving, or abiotic environment.
Ecosystem - a community of organisms and their abiotic environment
An ecosystem may be as large as an ocean or as small as a rotting log. The largest ecosystem is the entire biosphere.

28. Producers - organisms that make their own food, most producers use energy from the sun to produce their own food
Consumers -organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms.
Decomposers – a consumer that get energy by breaking down dead organisms
To remain healthy, an ecosystem needs to have a balance of producers, consumers, and decomposers

29. Concentration of Plant Life on Earth